X-ray quantification of oxygen groups on diamond surfaces for quantum applications
Identifying the surface chemistry of diamond materials is increasingly important for device applications, especially quantum sensors. Oxygen-related termination species are widely used because they are naturally abundant, chemically stable, and compatible with stable nitrogen vacancy centres near th...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Materials for Quantum Technology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1088/2633-4356/ad001b |
| _version_ | 1797646375799750656 |
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| author | N Dontschuk LVH Rodgers JP Chou DA Evans K M O’Donnell HJ Johnson A Tadich AK Schenk A Gali NP de Leon A Stacey |
| author_facet | N Dontschuk LVH Rodgers JP Chou DA Evans K M O’Donnell HJ Johnson A Tadich AK Schenk A Gali NP de Leon A Stacey |
| author_sort | N Dontschuk |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Identifying the surface chemistry of diamond materials is increasingly important for device applications, especially quantum sensors. Oxygen-related termination species are widely used because they are naturally abundant, chemically stable, and compatible with stable nitrogen vacancy centres near the diamond surface. Diamond surfaces host a mixture of oxygen-related species, and the precise chemistry and relative coverage of different species can lead to dramatically different electronic properties, with direct consequences for near-surface quantum sensors. However, it is challenging to unambiguously identify the different groups or quantify the relative surface coverage. Here we show that a combination of x-ray absorption and photoelectron spectroscopies can be used to quantitatively identify the coverage of carbonyl functional groups on the $\{100\}$ diamond surface. Using this method we reveal an unexpectedly high fraction of carbonyl groups ( ${\gt}$ 9%) on a wide range of sample surfaces. Furthermore, through a combination of ab initio calculations and spectroscopic studies of engineered surfaces, we reveal unexpected complexities in the x-ray spectroscopy of oxygen terminated diamond surfaces. Of particular note, we find the binding energies of carbonyl-related groups on diamond differs significantly from other organic systems, likely resulting in previous misestimation of carbonyl fractions on diamond surfaces. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T15:00:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1c866c1868c34661af0e963c895e4186 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2633-4356 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T15:00:28Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials for Quantum Technology |
| spelling | doaj.art-1c866c1868c34661af0e963c895e41862023-10-30T07:31:37ZengIOP PublishingMaterials for Quantum Technology2633-43562023-01-013404590110.1088/2633-4356/ad001bX-ray quantification of oxygen groups on diamond surfaces for quantum applicationsN Dontschuk0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6061-7537LVH Rodgers1JP Chou2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8336-6793DA Evans3K M O’Donnell4HJ Johnson5A Tadich6AK Schenk7A Gali8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3339-5470NP de Leon9A Stacey10School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010, AustraliaDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544, United States of AmericaDepartment of Physics, National Changhua University of Education , Changhua, TaiwanDepartment of Physics, Aberystwyth University , Aberystwyth SY23 3BZ, United KingdomRoyal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Vic 3010, AustraliaSchool of Physics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010, AustraliaAustralian Synchrotron , 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaSchool of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University , Bundoora, Victoria 3086, AustraliaWigner Research Centre for Physics , POB 49, Budapest H-1525, Hungary; Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics , Műegyetem rakpart 3., Budapest H-1111, HungaryDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544, United States of AmericaSchool of Physics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory , 100 Stellarator Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States of America; School of Science, RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3000, AustraliaIdentifying the surface chemistry of diamond materials is increasingly important for device applications, especially quantum sensors. Oxygen-related termination species are widely used because they are naturally abundant, chemically stable, and compatible with stable nitrogen vacancy centres near the diamond surface. Diamond surfaces host a mixture of oxygen-related species, and the precise chemistry and relative coverage of different species can lead to dramatically different electronic properties, with direct consequences for near-surface quantum sensors. However, it is challenging to unambiguously identify the different groups or quantify the relative surface coverage. Here we show that a combination of x-ray absorption and photoelectron spectroscopies can be used to quantitatively identify the coverage of carbonyl functional groups on the $\{100\}$ diamond surface. Using this method we reveal an unexpectedly high fraction of carbonyl groups ( ${\gt}$ 9%) on a wide range of sample surfaces. Furthermore, through a combination of ab initio calculations and spectroscopic studies of engineered surfaces, we reveal unexpected complexities in the x-ray spectroscopy of oxygen terminated diamond surfaces. Of particular note, we find the binding energies of carbonyl-related groups on diamond differs significantly from other organic systems, likely resulting in previous misestimation of carbonyl fractions on diamond surfaces.https://doi.org/10.1088/2633-4356/ad001boxygen terminated diamondNEXAFSXPSsurface spectroscopydiamond surface for NV centresDFT |
| spellingShingle | N Dontschuk LVH Rodgers JP Chou DA Evans K M O’Donnell HJ Johnson A Tadich AK Schenk A Gali NP de Leon A Stacey X-ray quantification of oxygen groups on diamond surfaces for quantum applications Materials for Quantum Technology oxygen terminated diamond NEXAFS XPS surface spectroscopy diamond surface for NV centres DFT |
| title | X-ray quantification of oxygen groups on diamond surfaces for quantum applications |
| title_full | X-ray quantification of oxygen groups on diamond surfaces for quantum applications |
| title_fullStr | X-ray quantification of oxygen groups on diamond surfaces for quantum applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | X-ray quantification of oxygen groups on diamond surfaces for quantum applications |
| title_short | X-ray quantification of oxygen groups on diamond surfaces for quantum applications |
| title_sort | x ray quantification of oxygen groups on diamond surfaces for quantum applications |
| topic | oxygen terminated diamond NEXAFS XPS surface spectroscopy diamond surface for NV centres DFT |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1088/2633-4356/ad001b |
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