Triple-Band Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna for Long-Range IoT Applications
In this study, a novel reconfigurable triple-band monopole antenna for LoRa IoT applications is fabricated on an FR-4 substrate. The proposed antenna is designed to function at three distinct LoRa frequency bands: 433 MHz, 868 MHz, and 915 MHz covering the LoRa bands in Europe, America, and Asia. Th...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/12/5359 |
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| author | Muhammad Sani Yahya Socheatra Soeung Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh Zainab Yunusa Francis Emmanuel Chinda Sharul Kamal Abdul Rahim Umar Musa Nursyarizal B. M. Nor Cheab Sovuthy Ghulam E. Mustafa Abro |
| author_facet | Muhammad Sani Yahya Socheatra Soeung Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh Zainab Yunusa Francis Emmanuel Chinda Sharul Kamal Abdul Rahim Umar Musa Nursyarizal B. M. Nor Cheab Sovuthy Ghulam E. Mustafa Abro |
| author_sort | Muhammad Sani Yahya |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, a novel reconfigurable triple-band monopole antenna for LoRa IoT applications is fabricated on an FR-4 substrate. The proposed antenna is designed to function at three distinct LoRa frequency bands: 433 MHz, 868 MHz, and 915 MHz covering the LoRa bands in Europe, America, and Asia. The antenna is reconfigurable by using a PIN diode switching mechanism, which allows for the selection of the desired operating frequency band based on the state of the diodes. The antenna is designed using CST MWS<sup>®</sup> software 2019 and optimized for maximum gain, good radiation pattern and efficiency. The antenna with a total dimension of 80 mm × 50 mm × 0.6 mm (0.12<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>×</mo><mn>0.07</mn><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> × 0.001<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> at 433 MHz) has a gain of 2 dBi, 1.9 dBi, and 1.9 dBi at 433 MHz, 868 MHz, and 915 MHz, respectively, with an omnidirectional H-plane radiation pattern and a radiation efficiency above 90% across the three frequency bands. The fabrication and measurement of the antenna have been carried out, and the results of simulation and measurements are compared. The agreement among the simulation and measurement results confirms the design’s accuracy and the antenna’s suitability for LoRa IoT applications, particularly in providing a compact, flexible, and energy efficient communication solution for different LoRa frequency bands. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:57:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1c8b90b9a035420e83739d8ffaee4d53 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:57:40Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-1c8b90b9a035420e83739d8ffaee4d532023-11-18T12:29:54ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-06-012312535910.3390/s23125359Triple-Band Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna for Long-Range IoT ApplicationsMuhammad Sani Yahya0Socheatra Soeung1Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh2Zainab Yunusa3Francis Emmanuel Chinda4Sharul Kamal Abdul Rahim5Umar Musa6Nursyarizal B. M. Nor7Cheab Sovuthy8Ghulam E. Mustafa Abro9Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, MalaysiaFaculty of Data Science and Information Technology (FDSIT), INTI International University, Persiaran Perdana BBN, Putra Nilai, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39524, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, MalaysiaWireless Communication Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, MalaysiaFaculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University Tun Hussein Onn, Parit Raja 86400, Johor, MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, MalaysiaFILPAL (M) Sdn. Bhd., Bayan Lepas, George Town 11900, Penang, MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, MalaysiaIn this study, a novel reconfigurable triple-band monopole antenna for LoRa IoT applications is fabricated on an FR-4 substrate. The proposed antenna is designed to function at three distinct LoRa frequency bands: 433 MHz, 868 MHz, and 915 MHz covering the LoRa bands in Europe, America, and Asia. The antenna is reconfigurable by using a PIN diode switching mechanism, which allows for the selection of the desired operating frequency band based on the state of the diodes. The antenna is designed using CST MWS<sup>®</sup> software 2019 and optimized for maximum gain, good radiation pattern and efficiency. The antenna with a total dimension of 80 mm × 50 mm × 0.6 mm (0.12<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>×</mo><mn>0.07</mn><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> × 0.001<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> at 433 MHz) has a gain of 2 dBi, 1.9 dBi, and 1.9 dBi at 433 MHz, 868 MHz, and 915 MHz, respectively, with an omnidirectional H-plane radiation pattern and a radiation efficiency above 90% across the three frequency bands. The fabrication and measurement of the antenna have been carried out, and the results of simulation and measurements are compared. The agreement among the simulation and measurement results confirms the design’s accuracy and the antenna’s suitability for LoRa IoT applications, particularly in providing a compact, flexible, and energy efficient communication solution for different LoRa frequency bands.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/12/5359antennaenergy efficiencyIoTLoRamonopolePIN diode |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Sani Yahya Socheatra Soeung Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh Zainab Yunusa Francis Emmanuel Chinda Sharul Kamal Abdul Rahim Umar Musa Nursyarizal B. M. Nor Cheab Sovuthy Ghulam E. Mustafa Abro Triple-Band Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna for Long-Range IoT Applications Sensors antenna energy efficiency IoT LoRa monopole PIN diode |
| title | Triple-Band Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna for Long-Range IoT Applications |
| title_full | Triple-Band Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna for Long-Range IoT Applications |
| title_fullStr | Triple-Band Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna for Long-Range IoT Applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Triple-Band Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna for Long-Range IoT Applications |
| title_short | Triple-Band Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna for Long-Range IoT Applications |
| title_sort | triple band reconfigurable monopole antenna for long range iot applications |
| topic | antenna energy efficiency IoT LoRa monopole PIN diode |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/12/5359 |
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