Toxicity and Toxin Composition of the Greater Blue-Ringed Octopus <i>Hapalochlaena lunulata</i> from Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan
The toxicity of the greater blue-ringed octopus <i>Hapalochlaena lunulata</i>, whose bite is fatal to humans, was examined to better understand and prevent deaths from accidental bites. Living specimens were collected from tide pools on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, in Nove...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2019-04-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/5/245 |
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| author | Manabu Asakawa Takuya Matsumoto Kohei Umezaki Kyoichiro Kaneko Ximiao Yu Gloria Gomez-Delan Satoshi Tomano Tamao Noguchi Susumu Ohtsuka |
| author_facet | Manabu Asakawa Takuya Matsumoto Kohei Umezaki Kyoichiro Kaneko Ximiao Yu Gloria Gomez-Delan Satoshi Tomano Tamao Noguchi Susumu Ohtsuka |
| author_sort | Manabu Asakawa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The toxicity of the greater blue-ringed octopus <i>Hapalochlaena lunulata</i>, whose bite is fatal to humans, was examined to better understand and prevent deaths from accidental bites. Living specimens were collected from tide pools on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, in November and December of 2015, 2016, and 2017. The specimens were examined for the anatomical distribution of the toxicity, which was expressed in terms of mouse units (MU), by the standard bioassay method for tetrodotoxin (TTX) in Japan. Paralytic toxicity to mice was detected in all of the soft parts. The posterior salivary glands exhibited the highest toxicity score with a maximum level of 9276 MU/g, which was classified as “strongly toxic” (more than 1000 MU/g tissue) according to the classification of toxicity established by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan, followed by the hepatopancreas (21.1 to 734.3 MU/g), gonads (not detectable to 167.6 MU/g), arms (5.3 to 130.2 MU/g), and other body areas (17.3 to 107.4 MU/g). Next, the toxin from the salivary glands was partially purified by a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge and an Amicon Ultra Centrifugal Filter with a 3000-Da cut-off, and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) equipped with a φ2.0 × 150-mm (5 μm) TSKgel Amide-80 column (Tosoh, Tokyo, Japan) with a mixture of 16 mM ammonium formate buffer (pH 5.5) and acetonitrile (ratio 3:7, <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) as a mobile phase. This study aimed to clarify the toxicity and the composition of TTX and its derivatives in this toxic octopus. The main toxin in this toxic octopus was identified as TTX, along with 4-<i>epi</i> TTX, 4, 9-anhydroTTX and 6-<i>epi</i> TTX. Further, the toxicity of this species is also significant from a food hygiene point of view. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T06:35:19Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T06:35:19Z |
| publishDate | 2019-04-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-1cd85c6214c6408ca9cf3b833232cf592022-12-22T02:57:55ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512019-04-0111524510.3390/toxins11050245toxins11050245Toxicity and Toxin Composition of the Greater Blue-Ringed Octopus <i>Hapalochlaena lunulata</i> from Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, JapanManabu Asakawa0Takuya Matsumoto1Kohei Umezaki2Kyoichiro Kaneko3Ximiao Yu4Gloria Gomez-Delan5Satoshi Tomano6Tamao Noguchi7Susumu Ohtsuka8Laboratory of Marine Bioresource Chemistry, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, JapanFaculty of Human Culture and Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734-8558, JapanLaboratory of Marine Bioresource Chemistry, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, JapanLaboratory of Marine Bioresource Chemistry, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, JapanLaboratory of Marine Bioresource Chemistry, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, JapanDepartment of Fisheries, Cebu Technological University-Carmen Campus, 6005 Cebu, PhilippinesDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, CA, USAFaculty of Healthcare, Tokyo Health Care University, Tokyo 154-8568, JapanTakehara Station, Setouchi Field Science Center, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Takehara City, Hiroshima 725-0024, JapanThe toxicity of the greater blue-ringed octopus <i>Hapalochlaena lunulata</i>, whose bite is fatal to humans, was examined to better understand and prevent deaths from accidental bites. Living specimens were collected from tide pools on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, in November and December of 2015, 2016, and 2017. The specimens were examined for the anatomical distribution of the toxicity, which was expressed in terms of mouse units (MU), by the standard bioassay method for tetrodotoxin (TTX) in Japan. Paralytic toxicity to mice was detected in all of the soft parts. The posterior salivary glands exhibited the highest toxicity score with a maximum level of 9276 MU/g, which was classified as “strongly toxic” (more than 1000 MU/g tissue) according to the classification of toxicity established by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan, followed by the hepatopancreas (21.1 to 734.3 MU/g), gonads (not detectable to 167.6 MU/g), arms (5.3 to 130.2 MU/g), and other body areas (17.3 to 107.4 MU/g). Next, the toxin from the salivary glands was partially purified by a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge and an Amicon Ultra Centrifugal Filter with a 3000-Da cut-off, and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) equipped with a φ2.0 × 150-mm (5 μm) TSKgel Amide-80 column (Tosoh, Tokyo, Japan) with a mixture of 16 mM ammonium formate buffer (pH 5.5) and acetonitrile (ratio 3:7, <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) as a mobile phase. This study aimed to clarify the toxicity and the composition of TTX and its derivatives in this toxic octopus. The main toxin in this toxic octopus was identified as TTX, along with 4-<i>epi</i> TTX, 4, 9-anhydroTTX and 6-<i>epi</i> TTX. Further, the toxicity of this species is also significant from a food hygiene point of view.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/5/245greater blue-ringed octopus<i>Hapalochlaena lunulata</i>posterior salivary glandparalytic toxicityIshigaki IslandtetrodotoxinLC-MS |
| spellingShingle | Manabu Asakawa Takuya Matsumoto Kohei Umezaki Kyoichiro Kaneko Ximiao Yu Gloria Gomez-Delan Satoshi Tomano Tamao Noguchi Susumu Ohtsuka Toxicity and Toxin Composition of the Greater Blue-Ringed Octopus <i>Hapalochlaena lunulata</i> from Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan Toxins greater blue-ringed octopus <i>Hapalochlaena lunulata</i> posterior salivary gland paralytic toxicity Ishigaki Island tetrodotoxin LC-MS |
| title | Toxicity and Toxin Composition of the Greater Blue-Ringed Octopus <i>Hapalochlaena lunulata</i> from Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan |
| title_full | Toxicity and Toxin Composition of the Greater Blue-Ringed Octopus <i>Hapalochlaena lunulata</i> from Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan |
| title_fullStr | Toxicity and Toxin Composition of the Greater Blue-Ringed Octopus <i>Hapalochlaena lunulata</i> from Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Toxicity and Toxin Composition of the Greater Blue-Ringed Octopus <i>Hapalochlaena lunulata</i> from Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan |
| title_short | Toxicity and Toxin Composition of the Greater Blue-Ringed Octopus <i>Hapalochlaena lunulata</i> from Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan |
| title_sort | toxicity and toxin composition of the greater blue ringed octopus i hapalochlaena lunulata i from ishigaki island okinawa prefecture japan |
| topic | greater blue-ringed octopus <i>Hapalochlaena lunulata</i> posterior salivary gland paralytic toxicity Ishigaki Island tetrodotoxin LC-MS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/5/245 |
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