The Effect of Stacking on the Accuracy of 3D-Printed Full-Arch Dental Models
The objective of this study was to assess the effect of stacking on the dimensional and full-arch accuracy of 3D-printed models, utilising a standardised assessment methodology. A previously validated methodology involving a standard tessellation language image (STL) reference model, comprising seve...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/24/5465 |
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| author | Olan Hartley Tanvi Shanbhag Derek Smith Antonio Grimm Ziad Salameh Santosh K. Tadakamadla Frank Alifui-Segbaya Khaled E. Ahmed |
| author_facet | Olan Hartley Tanvi Shanbhag Derek Smith Antonio Grimm Ziad Salameh Santosh K. Tadakamadla Frank Alifui-Segbaya Khaled E. Ahmed |
| author_sort | Olan Hartley |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The objective of this study was to assess the effect of stacking on the dimensional and full-arch accuracy of 3D-printed models, utilising a standardised assessment methodology. A previously validated methodology involving a standard tessellation language image (STL) reference model, comprising seven spheres on a horseshoe base resembling a dental arch, was used. Six 3D-designed STL models were prepared, optimised, and stacked horizontally using 3D Sprint software. The stacking file was transferred to the NextDent 5100 printer to build the physical models. To assess accuracy, a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) measured the diameter of the spheres <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mfenced><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>210</mn></mrow></mfenced></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and twenty-one vectors extended between the centres of each of the seven spheres (<i>n</i> = 630). When compared to the reference model, significant differences were observed for dimensional (<i>p</i> = 0.006) and full-arch accuracy (<i>p</i> = 0.006) for all stacked models. Additionally, significant differences were observed between the stacked models for the dimensional accuracy between the posterior (<i>p</i> = 0.015), left posterior (<i>p</i> = 0.005) and anteroposterior (<i>p</i> = 0.002). The maximum contraction was observed in the fourth stacked model, which demonstrated the highest median deviation and least precision within the full-arch (MD = 666 μm, IQR = 55 μm), left posterior (MD = 136 μm, IQR = 12 μm), posterior (MD = 177 μm, IQR = 14 μm) and anteroposterior (MD = 179 μm, IQR = 16 μm) arch segments. In general, the anterior and left posterior arch segments recorded the highest contractions with a median deviation of 34 μm and 29 μm, and precision of 32 μm and 22 μm, respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed between the stacked models in terms of dimensional accuracy that were within clinically acceptable thresholds. The greatest contraction was noted in the fourth model, displaying the least full-arch accuracy compared to the other models. Stacked, additively manufactured, full arch models are a viable alternative for diagnostic, orthodontic, and single-unit prosthodontic applications. In contrast, caution should be exercised when utilising stacked models for full arch high accuracy prosthodontic applications. Further research is needed to assess the impact of additional variables including different printers and resins. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:56:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1cde3ed50f504cb48fff5ddb09b97e12 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:56:10Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
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| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-1cde3ed50f504cb48fff5ddb09b97e122023-11-24T17:32:36ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602022-12-011424546510.3390/polym14245465The Effect of Stacking on the Accuracy of 3D-Printed Full-Arch Dental ModelsOlan Hartley0Tanvi Shanbhag1Derek Smith2Antonio Grimm3Ziad Salameh4Santosh K. Tadakamadla5Frank Alifui-Segbaya6Khaled E. Ahmed7School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Ian O’Connor Building (G40), Gold Coast, QLD 4215, AustraliaSchool of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Ian O’Connor Building (G40), Gold Coast, QLD 4215, AustraliaAdvanced Design and Prototyping Technologies Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, AustraliaAdvanced Design and Prototyping Technologies Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, AustraliaFaculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut 1107, LebanonDepartment of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, AustraliaSchool of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Ian O’Connor Building (G40), Gold Coast, QLD 4215, AustraliaSchool of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Ian O’Connor Building (G40), Gold Coast, QLD 4215, AustraliaThe objective of this study was to assess the effect of stacking on the dimensional and full-arch accuracy of 3D-printed models, utilising a standardised assessment methodology. A previously validated methodology involving a standard tessellation language image (STL) reference model, comprising seven spheres on a horseshoe base resembling a dental arch, was used. Six 3D-designed STL models were prepared, optimised, and stacked horizontally using 3D Sprint software. The stacking file was transferred to the NextDent 5100 printer to build the physical models. To assess accuracy, a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) measured the diameter of the spheres <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mfenced><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>210</mn></mrow></mfenced></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and twenty-one vectors extended between the centres of each of the seven spheres (<i>n</i> = 630). When compared to the reference model, significant differences were observed for dimensional (<i>p</i> = 0.006) and full-arch accuracy (<i>p</i> = 0.006) for all stacked models. Additionally, significant differences were observed between the stacked models for the dimensional accuracy between the posterior (<i>p</i> = 0.015), left posterior (<i>p</i> = 0.005) and anteroposterior (<i>p</i> = 0.002). The maximum contraction was observed in the fourth stacked model, which demonstrated the highest median deviation and least precision within the full-arch (MD = 666 μm, IQR = 55 μm), left posterior (MD = 136 μm, IQR = 12 μm), posterior (MD = 177 μm, IQR = 14 μm) and anteroposterior (MD = 179 μm, IQR = 16 μm) arch segments. In general, the anterior and left posterior arch segments recorded the highest contractions with a median deviation of 34 μm and 29 μm, and precision of 32 μm and 22 μm, respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed between the stacked models in terms of dimensional accuracy that were within clinically acceptable thresholds. The greatest contraction was noted in the fourth model, displaying the least full-arch accuracy compared to the other models. Stacked, additively manufactured, full arch models are a viable alternative for diagnostic, orthodontic, and single-unit prosthodontic applications. In contrast, caution should be exercised when utilising stacked models for full arch high accuracy prosthodontic applications. Further research is needed to assess the impact of additional variables including different printers and resins.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/24/54653D printingstackingtruenessprecisionaccuracydental models |
| spellingShingle | Olan Hartley Tanvi Shanbhag Derek Smith Antonio Grimm Ziad Salameh Santosh K. Tadakamadla Frank Alifui-Segbaya Khaled E. Ahmed The Effect of Stacking on the Accuracy of 3D-Printed Full-Arch Dental Models Polymers 3D printing stacking trueness precision accuracy dental models |
| title | The Effect of Stacking on the Accuracy of 3D-Printed Full-Arch Dental Models |
| title_full | The Effect of Stacking on the Accuracy of 3D-Printed Full-Arch Dental Models |
| title_fullStr | The Effect of Stacking on the Accuracy of 3D-Printed Full-Arch Dental Models |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effect of Stacking on the Accuracy of 3D-Printed Full-Arch Dental Models |
| title_short | The Effect of Stacking on the Accuracy of 3D-Printed Full-Arch Dental Models |
| title_sort | effect of stacking on the accuracy of 3d printed full arch dental models |
| topic | 3D printing stacking trueness precision accuracy dental models |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/24/5465 |
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