Evaluation of Knockdown Bioassay Methods to Assess Phosphine Resistance in the Red Flour Beetle, <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Resistance to the fumigant phosphine in <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> occurs worldwide. This study evaluated tests based on adult knockdown time, the time for a beetle to become immobile, when exposed to a high concentration of phosphine. We recorded knockdown times of beetles that remained...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2019-05-01
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| Series: | Insects |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/10/5/140 |
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| author | Aaron Cato Edwin Afful Manoj K. Nayak Thomas W. Phillips |
| author_facet | Aaron Cato Edwin Afful Manoj K. Nayak Thomas W. Phillips |
| author_sort | Aaron Cato |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Resistance to the fumigant phosphine in <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> occurs worldwide. This study evaluated tests based on adult knockdown time, the time for a beetle to become immobile, when exposed to a high concentration of phosphine. We recorded knockdown times of beetles that remained completely still for 30 s when exposed to 3000 ppm of phosphine in a large, gas-tight glass tube. Beetles were used from 12 populations, of which six were ‘susceptible’ to phosphine, three were ‘weakly resistant’, and three were ‘strongly resistant’. Knockdown times were determined for single beetles, as well as for groups of ten beetles for which the time to knockdown for either five beetles (KT<sub>50</sub>) or ten beetles (KT<sub>100</sub>) were recorded. Similar knockdown times occurred across susceptible and resistant populations. However, the KT<sub>100</sub> tests generated conservative times for diagnosing strong vs. weak resistance. The strong resistant populations were all over 100 min with KT<sub>100</sub>, compared to 60 min or less for susceptible and weak resistant populations. Special tests on single beetles revealed higher knockdown times in insects that were deliberately disturbed compared to those without any disturbances. Work reported here suggests a knockdown test conducted on beetles in a matter of minutes or hours could help classify phosphine resistance status prior to decisions on phosphine fumigation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T03:27:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1ce98cc76f93423db70bcf45523cf837 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4450 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T03:27:59Z |
| publishDate | 2019-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Insects |
| spelling | doaj.art-1ce98cc76f93423db70bcf45523cf8372022-12-22T03:49:37ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502019-05-0110514010.3390/insects10050140insects10050140Evaluation of Knockdown Bioassay Methods to Assess Phosphine Resistance in the Red Flour Beetle, <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)Aaron Cato0Edwin Afful1Manoj K. Nayak2Thomas W. Phillips3Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66503, USADepartment of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66503, USADepartment of Agriculture and Fisheries, GPO Box 46, Brisbane, QLD 4001, AustraliaDepartment of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66503, USAResistance to the fumigant phosphine in <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> occurs worldwide. This study evaluated tests based on adult knockdown time, the time for a beetle to become immobile, when exposed to a high concentration of phosphine. We recorded knockdown times of beetles that remained completely still for 30 s when exposed to 3000 ppm of phosphine in a large, gas-tight glass tube. Beetles were used from 12 populations, of which six were ‘susceptible’ to phosphine, three were ‘weakly resistant’, and three were ‘strongly resistant’. Knockdown times were determined for single beetles, as well as for groups of ten beetles for which the time to knockdown for either five beetles (KT<sub>50</sub>) or ten beetles (KT<sub>100</sub>) were recorded. Similar knockdown times occurred across susceptible and resistant populations. However, the KT<sub>100</sub> tests generated conservative times for diagnosing strong vs. weak resistance. The strong resistant populations were all over 100 min with KT<sub>100</sub>, compared to 60 min or less for susceptible and weak resistant populations. Special tests on single beetles revealed higher knockdown times in insects that were deliberately disturbed compared to those without any disturbances. Work reported here suggests a knockdown test conducted on beetles in a matter of minutes or hours could help classify phosphine resistance status prior to decisions on phosphine fumigation.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/10/5/140fumigationhydrogen phosphidenarcosisresistance managementstored products |
| spellingShingle | Aaron Cato Edwin Afful Manoj K. Nayak Thomas W. Phillips Evaluation of Knockdown Bioassay Methods to Assess Phosphine Resistance in the Red Flour Beetle, <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Insects fumigation hydrogen phosphide narcosis resistance management stored products |
| title | Evaluation of Knockdown Bioassay Methods to Assess Phosphine Resistance in the Red Flour Beetle, <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) |
| title_full | Evaluation of Knockdown Bioassay Methods to Assess Phosphine Resistance in the Red Flour Beetle, <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of Knockdown Bioassay Methods to Assess Phosphine Resistance in the Red Flour Beetle, <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of Knockdown Bioassay Methods to Assess Phosphine Resistance in the Red Flour Beetle, <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) |
| title_short | Evaluation of Knockdown Bioassay Methods to Assess Phosphine Resistance in the Red Flour Beetle, <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) |
| title_sort | evaluation of knockdown bioassay methods to assess phosphine resistance in the red flour beetle i tribolium castaneum i herbst coleoptera tenebrionidae |
| topic | fumigation hydrogen phosphide narcosis resistance management stored products |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/10/5/140 |
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