Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide GP2a in <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> and Its Immunomodulatory Effect on Macrophages
Here, we elucidated the structural characteristics of a polysaccharide isolated from <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> Ellis (labeled as GP2a) and its immunomodulatory activity. GP2a is an acidic polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 44.8 kDa, mostly comprising galacturonic acid. Methylati...
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/19/11279 |
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| author | Pingdong Lin Lifei Chen Xiaojing Huang Fangnan Xiao Lei Fu Dingding Jing Jingjing Wang Hong Zhang Lifang Sun Yunkun Wu |
| author_facet | Pingdong Lin Lifei Chen Xiaojing Huang Fangnan Xiao Lei Fu Dingding Jing Jingjing Wang Hong Zhang Lifang Sun Yunkun Wu |
| author_sort | Pingdong Lin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Here, we elucidated the structural characteristics of a polysaccharide isolated from <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> Ellis (labeled as GP2a) and its immunomodulatory activity. GP2a is an acidic polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 44.8 kDa, mostly comprising galacturonic acid. Methylation analysis revealed 4-Gal<i>p</i>A (74.8%) to be the major sugar residue in GP2a. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis indicated that its main chain comprised →4)-α-D-Gal<i>p</i>A-6-OMe-(1→4)-α-D-Gal<i>p</i>A-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Gal<i>p</i>A-6-OMe-(1→2)-α-L-Rha<i>p</i>-(1→, with galactan and arabinans linked to the C-4 position of →2)-α-L-Rha<i>p</i>-(1→ residue as branched chains. Furthermore, GP2a showed no obvious toxicity to macrophages (RAW 264.7) while enhancing cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Compared with untreated cells, nitric oxide production and secretion of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, in GP2a-treated cells significantly increased after 48 h. At 300 µg/mL GP2a concentration, there was no significant difference in the cytokine levels in GP2a- and lipopolysaccharide-treated cells (the positive control). In summary, GP2a is a pectic polysaccharide with homogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan-I structural regions in the main chain. Based on its immunomodulatory effects in vitro, GP2a may have potential uses in functional food and medicine. |
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| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:40:50Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-1d06e542b0774712a570089247e552982023-11-23T20:30:22ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-09-0123191127910.3390/ijms231911279Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide GP2a in <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> and Its Immunomodulatory Effect on MacrophagesPingdong Lin0Lifei Chen1Xiaojing Huang2Fangnan Xiao3Lei Fu4Dingding Jing5Jingjing Wang6Hong Zhang7Lifang Sun8Yunkun Wu9Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation & Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, ChinaProvincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation & Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, ChinaProvincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation & Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, ChinaProvincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation & Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, ChinaProvincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation & Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, ChinaProvincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation & Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, ChinaProvincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation & Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, ChinaProvincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation & Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, ChinaProvincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation & Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, ChinaProvincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation & Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, ChinaHere, we elucidated the structural characteristics of a polysaccharide isolated from <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> Ellis (labeled as GP2a) and its immunomodulatory activity. GP2a is an acidic polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 44.8 kDa, mostly comprising galacturonic acid. Methylation analysis revealed 4-Gal<i>p</i>A (74.8%) to be the major sugar residue in GP2a. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis indicated that its main chain comprised →4)-α-D-Gal<i>p</i>A-6-OMe-(1→4)-α-D-Gal<i>p</i>A-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Gal<i>p</i>A-6-OMe-(1→2)-α-L-Rha<i>p</i>-(1→, with galactan and arabinans linked to the C-4 position of →2)-α-L-Rha<i>p</i>-(1→ residue as branched chains. Furthermore, GP2a showed no obvious toxicity to macrophages (RAW 264.7) while enhancing cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Compared with untreated cells, nitric oxide production and secretion of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, in GP2a-treated cells significantly increased after 48 h. At 300 µg/mL GP2a concentration, there was no significant difference in the cytokine levels in GP2a- and lipopolysaccharide-treated cells (the positive control). In summary, GP2a is a pectic polysaccharide with homogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan-I structural regions in the main chain. Based on its immunomodulatory effects in vitro, GP2a may have potential uses in functional food and medicine.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/19/11279polysaccharide<i>Gardenia jasminoides</i>structural characteristicsimmunomodulationmacrophages |
| spellingShingle | Pingdong Lin Lifei Chen Xiaojing Huang Fangnan Xiao Lei Fu Dingding Jing Jingjing Wang Hong Zhang Lifang Sun Yunkun Wu Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide GP2a in <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> and Its Immunomodulatory Effect on Macrophages International Journal of Molecular Sciences polysaccharide <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> structural characteristics immunomodulation macrophages |
| title | Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide GP2a in <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> and Its Immunomodulatory Effect on Macrophages |
| title_full | Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide GP2a in <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> and Its Immunomodulatory Effect on Macrophages |
| title_fullStr | Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide GP2a in <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> and Its Immunomodulatory Effect on Macrophages |
| title_full_unstemmed | Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide GP2a in <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> and Its Immunomodulatory Effect on Macrophages |
| title_short | Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide GP2a in <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> and Its Immunomodulatory Effect on Macrophages |
| title_sort | structural characteristics of polysaccharide gp2a in i gardenia jasminoides i and its immunomodulatory effect on macrophages |
| topic | polysaccharide <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> structural characteristics immunomodulation macrophages |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/19/11279 |
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