The Impact of Fractal Dimension, Stress Tensors, and Earthquake Probabilities on Seismotectonic Characterisation in the Red Sea
The frequency–magnitude statistics of 6527 earthquakes with 1.0 ≤ ml ≤ 5.7 and focal depths between 0 and 49 km in the Red Sea region between 1980 and 2021 show that the threshold magnitude, above which most of the Red Sea earthquakes are precisely located, is 1.5. The b-value, which identifies regi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Fractal and Fractional |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3110/7/9/658 |
| _version_ | 1827726066946408448 |
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| author | Sherif M. Ali Kamal Abdelrahman |
| author_facet | Sherif M. Ali Kamal Abdelrahman |
| author_sort | Sherif M. Ali |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The frequency–magnitude statistics of 6527 earthquakes with 1.0 ≤ ml ≤ 5.7 and focal depths between 0 and 49 km in the Red Sea region between 1980 and 2021 show that the threshold magnitude, above which most of the Red Sea earthquakes are precisely located, is 1.5. The b-value, which identifies regional stress situations and associated energy release modalities, has a value of 0.75, less than in historical data, and averages between 0.4 and 0.85 as it varies over time, indicating modest stress accumulation. We utilised these instrumental data to examine dynamic stress patterns in the Red Sea region, shedding light on the region’s geodynamics and providing a foundation for estimating the region’s seismic hazard. The computed fractal dimension (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>D</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) has a relatively high value of 2.3, which is significant for the Red Sea’s geological complexity and structural diversity. This result indicates the regular distribution of Red Sea earthquakes, which occur in clusters or along fault lines. The low b-value and comparatively high <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>D</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> were most likely due to major earthquakes in the past and the greater stress they caused. The focal mechanisms of the big earthquakes, predominantly normal solutions, are consistent with the movement and extensional regime. The pressure and tension (P-T) axes show a compression axis trending NW-SE and a tension axis trending NE-SW. According to the stress inversion results, the maximum principal stress (σ1) is oriented vertically, the minimum stress axis (σ3) is subhorizontal and strikes in the NE-SW direction, and the intermediate principal stress (σ2) is trending in the NE-SW direction. The variance in the region that characterises the homogeneity of stress directions within the range is 0.19. The stress ratio (R), which identifies the faulting type, is 0.76, suggesting a normal faulting pattern for the region. The hazard parameters are expressed by the probability of exceedance for 1-, 10-, 50-, and 100-year return periods. The highest probability that an earthquake will occur within a 50-year period is thought to be around 6.0. The largest observed catalogue and instrumental magnitudes in the area, 5.7 and 6.7, respectively, show average recurrence intervals of 36 and 142 years. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:44:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1d22b39c92be48bdbefa2c7998459059 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2504-3110 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:44:02Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
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| series | Fractal and Fractional |
| spelling | doaj.art-1d22b39c92be48bdbefa2c79984590592023-11-19T10:48:24ZengMDPI AGFractal and Fractional2504-31102023-08-017965810.3390/fractalfract7090658The Impact of Fractal Dimension, Stress Tensors, and Earthquake Probabilities on Seismotectonic Characterisation in the Red SeaSherif M. Ali0Kamal Abdelrahman1National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), 11421 Helwan, Cairo, EgyptDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaThe frequency–magnitude statistics of 6527 earthquakes with 1.0 ≤ ml ≤ 5.7 and focal depths between 0 and 49 km in the Red Sea region between 1980 and 2021 show that the threshold magnitude, above which most of the Red Sea earthquakes are precisely located, is 1.5. The b-value, which identifies regional stress situations and associated energy release modalities, has a value of 0.75, less than in historical data, and averages between 0.4 and 0.85 as it varies over time, indicating modest stress accumulation. We utilised these instrumental data to examine dynamic stress patterns in the Red Sea region, shedding light on the region’s geodynamics and providing a foundation for estimating the region’s seismic hazard. The computed fractal dimension (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>D</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) has a relatively high value of 2.3, which is significant for the Red Sea’s geological complexity and structural diversity. This result indicates the regular distribution of Red Sea earthquakes, which occur in clusters or along fault lines. The low b-value and comparatively high <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>D</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> were most likely due to major earthquakes in the past and the greater stress they caused. The focal mechanisms of the big earthquakes, predominantly normal solutions, are consistent with the movement and extensional regime. The pressure and tension (P-T) axes show a compression axis trending NW-SE and a tension axis trending NE-SW. According to the stress inversion results, the maximum principal stress (σ1) is oriented vertically, the minimum stress axis (σ3) is subhorizontal and strikes in the NE-SW direction, and the intermediate principal stress (σ2) is trending in the NE-SW direction. The variance in the region that characterises the homogeneity of stress directions within the range is 0.19. The stress ratio (R), which identifies the faulting type, is 0.76, suggesting a normal faulting pattern for the region. The hazard parameters are expressed by the probability of exceedance for 1-, 10-, 50-, and 100-year return periods. The highest probability that an earthquake will occur within a 50-year period is thought to be around 6.0. The largest observed catalogue and instrumental magnitudes in the area, 5.7 and 6.7, respectively, show average recurrence intervals of 36 and 142 years.https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3110/7/9/658Red Seab-valuefractal dimensionfocal mechanismsstress tensorseismic hazard |
| spellingShingle | Sherif M. Ali Kamal Abdelrahman The Impact of Fractal Dimension, Stress Tensors, and Earthquake Probabilities on Seismotectonic Characterisation in the Red Sea Fractal and Fractional Red Sea b-value fractal dimension focal mechanisms stress tensor seismic hazard |
| title | The Impact of Fractal Dimension, Stress Tensors, and Earthquake Probabilities on Seismotectonic Characterisation in the Red Sea |
| title_full | The Impact of Fractal Dimension, Stress Tensors, and Earthquake Probabilities on Seismotectonic Characterisation in the Red Sea |
| title_fullStr | The Impact of Fractal Dimension, Stress Tensors, and Earthquake Probabilities on Seismotectonic Characterisation in the Red Sea |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Impact of Fractal Dimension, Stress Tensors, and Earthquake Probabilities on Seismotectonic Characterisation in the Red Sea |
| title_short | The Impact of Fractal Dimension, Stress Tensors, and Earthquake Probabilities on Seismotectonic Characterisation in the Red Sea |
| title_sort | impact of fractal dimension stress tensors and earthquake probabilities on seismotectonic characterisation in the red sea |
| topic | Red Sea b-value fractal dimension focal mechanisms stress tensor seismic hazard |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3110/7/9/658 |
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