Regulated Iron Siderophore Production of the Halophilic Archaeon <i>Haloferax volcanii</i>
Iron is part of many redox and other enzymes and, thus, it is essential for all living beings. Many oxic environments have extremely low concentrations of free iron. Therefore, many prokaryotic species evolved siderophores, i.e., small organic molecules that complex Fe<sup>3+</sup> with...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-07-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/10/7/1072 |
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| author | Natalie Niessen Jörg Soppa |
| author_facet | Natalie Niessen Jörg Soppa |
| author_sort | Natalie Niessen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Iron is part of many redox and other enzymes and, thus, it is essential for all living beings. Many oxic environments have extremely low concentrations of free iron. Therefore, many prokaryotic species evolved siderophores, i.e., small organic molecules that complex Fe<sup>3+</sup> with very high affinity. Siderophores of bacteria are intensely studied, in contrast to those of archaea. The haloarchaeon <i>Haloferax volcanii</i> contains a gene cluster that putatively encodes siderophore biosynthesis genes, including four iron uptake chelate (<i>iuc</i>) genes. Underscoring this hypothesis, Northern blot analyses revealed that a hexacistronic transcript is generated that is highly induced under iron starvation. A quadruple <i>iuc</i> deletion mutant was generated, which had a growth defect solely at very low concentrations of Fe<sup>3+</sup>, not Fe<sup>2+</sup>. Two experimental approaches showed that the wild type produced and exported an Fe<sup>3+</sup>-specific siderophore under low iron concentrations, in contrast to the <i>iuc</i> deletion mutant. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that haloarchaea obtained the gene cluster by lateral transfer from bacteria and enabled the prediction of enzymatic functions of all six gene products. Notably, a biosynthetic pathway is proposed that starts with aspartic acid, uses several group donors and citrate, and leads to the hydroxamate siderophore Schizokinen. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:23:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1d23a2ecd1f84d4387177ccab8285be6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:23:27Z |
| publishDate | 2020-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-1d23a2ecd1f84d4387177ccab8285be62023-11-20T07:09:08ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2020-07-01107107210.3390/biom10071072Regulated Iron Siderophore Production of the Halophilic Archaeon <i>Haloferax volcanii</i>Natalie Niessen0Jörg Soppa1Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-University, Biocentre, Max-von-Laue-str. 9, D-60439 Frankfurt, GermanyInstitute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-University, Biocentre, Max-von-Laue-str. 9, D-60439 Frankfurt, GermanyIron is part of many redox and other enzymes and, thus, it is essential for all living beings. Many oxic environments have extremely low concentrations of free iron. Therefore, many prokaryotic species evolved siderophores, i.e., small organic molecules that complex Fe<sup>3+</sup> with very high affinity. Siderophores of bacteria are intensely studied, in contrast to those of archaea. The haloarchaeon <i>Haloferax volcanii</i> contains a gene cluster that putatively encodes siderophore biosynthesis genes, including four iron uptake chelate (<i>iuc</i>) genes. Underscoring this hypothesis, Northern blot analyses revealed that a hexacistronic transcript is generated that is highly induced under iron starvation. A quadruple <i>iuc</i> deletion mutant was generated, which had a growth defect solely at very low concentrations of Fe<sup>3+</sup>, not Fe<sup>2+</sup>. Two experimental approaches showed that the wild type produced and exported an Fe<sup>3+</sup>-specific siderophore under low iron concentrations, in contrast to the <i>iuc</i> deletion mutant. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that haloarchaea obtained the gene cluster by lateral transfer from bacteria and enabled the prediction of enzymatic functions of all six gene products. Notably, a biosynthetic pathway is proposed that starts with aspartic acid, uses several group donors and citrate, and leads to the hydroxamate siderophore Schizokinen.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/10/7/1072Archaea<i>Haloferax volcanii</i>siderophorehydroxamatedeletion mutantO-CAS assay |
| spellingShingle | Natalie Niessen Jörg Soppa Regulated Iron Siderophore Production of the Halophilic Archaeon <i>Haloferax volcanii</i> Biomolecules Archaea <i>Haloferax volcanii</i> siderophore hydroxamate deletion mutant O-CAS assay |
| title | Regulated Iron Siderophore Production of the Halophilic Archaeon <i>Haloferax volcanii</i> |
| title_full | Regulated Iron Siderophore Production of the Halophilic Archaeon <i>Haloferax volcanii</i> |
| title_fullStr | Regulated Iron Siderophore Production of the Halophilic Archaeon <i>Haloferax volcanii</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Regulated Iron Siderophore Production of the Halophilic Archaeon <i>Haloferax volcanii</i> |
| title_short | Regulated Iron Siderophore Production of the Halophilic Archaeon <i>Haloferax volcanii</i> |
| title_sort | regulated iron siderophore production of the halophilic archaeon i haloferax volcanii i |
| topic | Archaea <i>Haloferax volcanii</i> siderophore hydroxamate deletion mutant O-CAS assay |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/10/7/1072 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT natalieniessen regulatedironsiderophoreproductionofthehalophilicarchaeonihaloferaxvolcaniii AT jorgsoppa regulatedironsiderophoreproductionofthehalophilicarchaeonihaloferaxvolcaniii |