Environmental Decay of Ignimbrite Patrimonial Monuments in the Dry, Urban, and Non-Industrial Atmosphere of Morelia (México)
Damage to the rocks of historic built heritage needs to be addressed to facilitate their conservation and restoration; the most serious damage is caused by environmental conditions and human activities. Buildings constructed with ignimbrite blocks bonded with lime mortar in Morelia, México, a UNESCO...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Heritage |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2571-9408/6/3/167 |
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| author | Rosalia Ruiz-Ruiz Elia Mercedes Alonso-Guzman Wilfrido Martinez-Molina Hugo Luis Chavez-Garcia Mauricio Arreola-Sanchez Jorge Alberto Borrego-Perez Marco Antonio Navarrete-Seras Judith Alejandra Velazquez-Perez Luis Alberto Morales-Rosales |
| author_facet | Rosalia Ruiz-Ruiz Elia Mercedes Alonso-Guzman Wilfrido Martinez-Molina Hugo Luis Chavez-Garcia Mauricio Arreola-Sanchez Jorge Alberto Borrego-Perez Marco Antonio Navarrete-Seras Judith Alejandra Velazquez-Perez Luis Alberto Morales-Rosales |
| author_sort | Rosalia Ruiz-Ruiz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Damage to the rocks of historic built heritage needs to be addressed to facilitate their conservation and restoration; the most serious damage is caused by environmental conditions and human activities. Buildings constructed with ignimbrite blocks bonded with lime mortar in Morelia, México, a UNESCO World Heritage site, were studied. The damage mainly occurs in the facades, on the surfaces of the rocks and in the mortar of the union exposed to climatic factors such as sun, rain, wind, and temperature changes, due to the actions of humans and vehicles emitting polluting gases; and due to pigeon excrement. This has caused the formation of patinas and flora, reduced the mechanical strength and exfoliation, decreased the density and cohesion in the mortar with rocks, and led to friction damage caused by people. In the facades of five buildings, the mechanical resistance and microstructural characteristics were indirectly determined by XRD, XRF, and SEM. The results were related to the climate, humans, and vehicular pollutant emissions. The damage was due to the environment, the influencing geographic orientation, and prevailing winds, rising capillary water on the facades, pigeon droppings, vehicular pollutant gases, and humans. Potential banks of healthy quarries were analyzed for use in the conservation and restoration of damaged monuments. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:27:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1d2ca0c0296948138a7ca09d8a8be446 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2571-9408 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:27:46Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heritage |
| spelling | doaj.art-1d2ca0c0296948138a7ca09d8a8be4462023-11-17T11:23:24ZengMDPI AGHeritage2571-94082023-03-01633137315810.3390/heritage6030167Environmental Decay of Ignimbrite Patrimonial Monuments in the Dry, Urban, and Non-Industrial Atmosphere of Morelia (México)Rosalia Ruiz-Ruiz0Elia Mercedes Alonso-Guzman1Wilfrido Martinez-Molina2Hugo Luis Chavez-Garcia3Mauricio Arreola-Sanchez4Jorge Alberto Borrego-Perez5Marco Antonio Navarrete-Seras6Judith Alejandra Velazquez-Perez7Luis Alberto Morales-Rosales8Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58070, MexicoFaculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58070, MexicoFaculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58070, MexicoFaculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58070, MexicoFaculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58070, MexicoFaculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58070, MexicoFaculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58070, MexicoFaculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58070, MexicoCONACYT, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58070, MexicoDamage to the rocks of historic built heritage needs to be addressed to facilitate their conservation and restoration; the most serious damage is caused by environmental conditions and human activities. Buildings constructed with ignimbrite blocks bonded with lime mortar in Morelia, México, a UNESCO World Heritage site, were studied. The damage mainly occurs in the facades, on the surfaces of the rocks and in the mortar of the union exposed to climatic factors such as sun, rain, wind, and temperature changes, due to the actions of humans and vehicles emitting polluting gases; and due to pigeon excrement. This has caused the formation of patinas and flora, reduced the mechanical strength and exfoliation, decreased the density and cohesion in the mortar with rocks, and led to friction damage caused by people. In the facades of five buildings, the mechanical resistance and microstructural characteristics were indirectly determined by XRD, XRF, and SEM. The results were related to the climate, humans, and vehicular pollutant emissions. The damage was due to the environment, the influencing geographic orientation, and prevailing winds, rising capillary water on the facades, pigeon droppings, vehicular pollutant gases, and humans. Potential banks of healthy quarries were analyzed for use in the conservation and restoration of damaged monuments.https://www.mdpi.com/2571-9408/6/3/167historical heritageenvironmentalstonessclerometerphysical-mechanical propertiesignimbrite blocks |
| spellingShingle | Rosalia Ruiz-Ruiz Elia Mercedes Alonso-Guzman Wilfrido Martinez-Molina Hugo Luis Chavez-Garcia Mauricio Arreola-Sanchez Jorge Alberto Borrego-Perez Marco Antonio Navarrete-Seras Judith Alejandra Velazquez-Perez Luis Alberto Morales-Rosales Environmental Decay of Ignimbrite Patrimonial Monuments in the Dry, Urban, and Non-Industrial Atmosphere of Morelia (México) Heritage historical heritage environmental stones sclerometer physical-mechanical properties ignimbrite blocks |
| title | Environmental Decay of Ignimbrite Patrimonial Monuments in the Dry, Urban, and Non-Industrial Atmosphere of Morelia (México) |
| title_full | Environmental Decay of Ignimbrite Patrimonial Monuments in the Dry, Urban, and Non-Industrial Atmosphere of Morelia (México) |
| title_fullStr | Environmental Decay of Ignimbrite Patrimonial Monuments in the Dry, Urban, and Non-Industrial Atmosphere of Morelia (México) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental Decay of Ignimbrite Patrimonial Monuments in the Dry, Urban, and Non-Industrial Atmosphere of Morelia (México) |
| title_short | Environmental Decay of Ignimbrite Patrimonial Monuments in the Dry, Urban, and Non-Industrial Atmosphere of Morelia (México) |
| title_sort | environmental decay of ignimbrite patrimonial monuments in the dry urban and non industrial atmosphere of morelia mexico |
| topic | historical heritage environmental stones sclerometer physical-mechanical properties ignimbrite blocks |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2571-9408/6/3/167 |
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