Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic-Resistant Genes and the Quantification of Antibiotics in Drinking Water Treatment Plants of Malaysia: Protocol for a Cross-sectional Study
BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance is a known global public health threat. In addition, it brings serious economic consequences to agriculture. Antibiotic resistance in humans, animals, and environment is interconnected, as proposed in the tricycle surveillance by the World H...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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JMIR Publications
2022-11-01
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| Series: | JMIR Research Protocols |
| Online Access: | https://www.researchprotocols.org/2022/11/e37663 |
| _version_ | 1827857841535320064 |
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| author | Zuraifah Asrah Mohamad Sophia Karen Bakon Mohd Azerulazree Jamilan Jamilan Norhafizan Daud Lena Ciric Norazah Ahmad Nor Asiah Muhamad |
| author_facet | Zuraifah Asrah Mohamad Sophia Karen Bakon Mohd Azerulazree Jamilan Jamilan Norhafizan Daud Lena Ciric Norazah Ahmad Nor Asiah Muhamad |
| author_sort | Zuraifah Asrah Mohamad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description |
BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance is a known global public health threat. In addition, it brings serious economic consequences to agriculture. Antibiotic resistance in humans, animals, and environment is interconnected, as proposed in the tricycle surveillance by the World Health Organization. In Malaysia, research and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance are mainly performed in clinical samples, agricultural settings, and surface waters, but no surveillance of the drinking water systems has been performed yet. Hence, this policy-driven study is a combined effort of microbiologists and engineers to provide baseline data on the magnitude of antimicrobial resistance in the drinking water systems of Malaysia.
ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to study the baseline level of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the drinking water distribution systems of Malaysia by collecting samples from the pretreatment and posttreatment outlets of water treatment plants in a selected state of Malaysia. We aimed to determine the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant genes, and the level of antibiotics present in the drinking water systems.
MethodsThis is a laboratory-based, cross-sectional study in a selected state of Malaysia. Water samples from 6 drinking water treatment plants were collected. Samples were collected at 3 sampling points, that is, the intake sampling station, service reservoir outlet station, and the distribution system sampling station. These were tested against 7 types of antibiotics in triplicates. Samples were screened for antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes and quantified for the level of antibiotics present in the drinking water treatment plants.
ResultsWe will show the descriptive statistics of the number of bacterial colonies harvested from water samples grown on Reasoner’s 2A agar with or without antibiotics, the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant genes, and the level of antibiotics detected in the water samples. The sampling frame was scheduled to start from November 2021 and continue until December 2022. Data analysis is expected to be completed by early 2023, and the results are expected to be published in mid-2023.
ConclusionsThis study provides baseline information on the status of the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, the presence of resistance genes as contaminants, and the level of antibiotics present in the drinking water systems of Malaysia, with the aim of demonstrating to policymakers the need to consider antimicrobial resistance as a parameter in drinking water surveillance.
International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/37663 |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T12:46:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1d507378feba489c82023be5a2696748 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1929-0748 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T12:46:08Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | JMIR Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | JMIR Research Protocols |
| spelling | doaj.art-1d507378feba489c82023be5a26967482023-08-28T23:18:35ZengJMIR PublicationsJMIR Research Protocols1929-07482022-11-011111e3766310.2196/37663Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic-Resistant Genes and the Quantification of Antibiotics in Drinking Water Treatment Plants of Malaysia: Protocol for a Cross-sectional StudyZuraifah Asrah Mohamadhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1450-0260Sophia Karen Bakonhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5088-3310Mohd Azerulazree Jamilan Jamilanhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3776-4365Norhafizan Daudhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7667-6777Lena Cirichttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1476-6595Norazah Ahmadhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8727-4172Nor Asiah Muhamadhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7772-2103 BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance is a known global public health threat. In addition, it brings serious economic consequences to agriculture. Antibiotic resistance in humans, animals, and environment is interconnected, as proposed in the tricycle surveillance by the World Health Organization. In Malaysia, research and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance are mainly performed in clinical samples, agricultural settings, and surface waters, but no surveillance of the drinking water systems has been performed yet. Hence, this policy-driven study is a combined effort of microbiologists and engineers to provide baseline data on the magnitude of antimicrobial resistance in the drinking water systems of Malaysia. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to study the baseline level of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the drinking water distribution systems of Malaysia by collecting samples from the pretreatment and posttreatment outlets of water treatment plants in a selected state of Malaysia. We aimed to determine the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant genes, and the level of antibiotics present in the drinking water systems. MethodsThis is a laboratory-based, cross-sectional study in a selected state of Malaysia. Water samples from 6 drinking water treatment plants were collected. Samples were collected at 3 sampling points, that is, the intake sampling station, service reservoir outlet station, and the distribution system sampling station. These were tested against 7 types of antibiotics in triplicates. Samples were screened for antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes and quantified for the level of antibiotics present in the drinking water treatment plants. ResultsWe will show the descriptive statistics of the number of bacterial colonies harvested from water samples grown on Reasoner’s 2A agar with or without antibiotics, the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant genes, and the level of antibiotics detected in the water samples. The sampling frame was scheduled to start from November 2021 and continue until December 2022. Data analysis is expected to be completed by early 2023, and the results are expected to be published in mid-2023. ConclusionsThis study provides baseline information on the status of the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, the presence of resistance genes as contaminants, and the level of antibiotics present in the drinking water systems of Malaysia, with the aim of demonstrating to policymakers the need to consider antimicrobial resistance as a parameter in drinking water surveillance. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/37663https://www.researchprotocols.org/2022/11/e37663 |
| spellingShingle | Zuraifah Asrah Mohamad Sophia Karen Bakon Mohd Azerulazree Jamilan Jamilan Norhafizan Daud Lena Ciric Norazah Ahmad Nor Asiah Muhamad Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic-Resistant Genes and the Quantification of Antibiotics in Drinking Water Treatment Plants of Malaysia: Protocol for a Cross-sectional Study JMIR Research Protocols |
| title | Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic-Resistant Genes and the Quantification of Antibiotics in Drinking Water Treatment Plants of Malaysia: Protocol for a Cross-sectional Study |
| title_full | Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic-Resistant Genes and the Quantification of Antibiotics in Drinking Water Treatment Plants of Malaysia: Protocol for a Cross-sectional Study |
| title_fullStr | Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic-Resistant Genes and the Quantification of Antibiotics in Drinking Water Treatment Plants of Malaysia: Protocol for a Cross-sectional Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic-Resistant Genes and the Quantification of Antibiotics in Drinking Water Treatment Plants of Malaysia: Protocol for a Cross-sectional Study |
| title_short | Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic-Resistant Genes and the Quantification of Antibiotics in Drinking Water Treatment Plants of Malaysia: Protocol for a Cross-sectional Study |
| title_sort | prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistant genes and the quantification of antibiotics in drinking water treatment plants of malaysia protocol for a cross sectional study |
| url | https://www.researchprotocols.org/2022/11/e37663 |
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