Chemical and Biological Molecules Involved in Differentiation, Maturation, and Survival of Dopaminergic Neurons in Health and Parkinson’s Disease: Physiological Aspects and Clinical Implications
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by a specific and progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and dopamine, causing motor dysfunctions and impaired movements. Unfortunately, available therapies can partially treat the motor symptoms, but t...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/7/754 |
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| author | Giulia Gaggi Andrea Di Credico Pascal Izzicupo Giovanni Iannetti Angela Di Baldassarre Barbara Ghinassi |
| author_facet | Giulia Gaggi Andrea Di Credico Pascal Izzicupo Giovanni Iannetti Angela Di Baldassarre Barbara Ghinassi |
| author_sort | Giulia Gaggi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by a specific and progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and dopamine, causing motor dysfunctions and impaired movements. Unfortunately, available therapies can partially treat the motor symptoms, but they have no effect on non-motor features. In addition, the therapeutic effect reduces gradually, and the prolonged use of drugs leads to a significative increase in the number of adverse events. For these reasons, an alternative approach that allows the replacement or the improved survival of DA neurons is very appealing for the treatment of PD patients and recently the first human clinical trials for DA neurons replacement have been set up. Here, we review the role of chemical and biological molecules that are involved in the development, survival and differentiation of DA neurons. In particular, we review the chemical small molecules used to differentiate different type of stem cells into DA neurons with high efficiency; the role of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs both in DA neurons development/survival as far as in the pathogenesis of PD; and, finally, we dissect the potential role of exosomes carrying biological molecules as treatment of PD. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:57:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1d61f07ee2d34311ae8b2cd88af21828 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:57:26Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-1d61f07ee2d34311ae8b2cd88af218282023-11-22T02:12:46ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592021-06-019775410.3390/biomedicines9070754Chemical and Biological Molecules Involved in Differentiation, Maturation, and Survival of Dopaminergic Neurons in Health and Parkinson’s Disease: Physiological Aspects and Clinical ImplicationsGiulia Gaggi0Andrea Di Credico1Pascal Izzicupo2Giovanni Iannetti3Angela Di Baldassarre4Barbara Ghinassi5Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USAHuman Anatomy and Cell Differentiation Lab, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, ItalyHuman Anatomy and Cell Differentiation Lab, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, ItalyUniversity of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, ItalyHuman Anatomy and Cell Differentiation Lab, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, ItalyHuman Anatomy and Cell Differentiation Lab, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, ItalyParkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by a specific and progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and dopamine, causing motor dysfunctions and impaired movements. Unfortunately, available therapies can partially treat the motor symptoms, but they have no effect on non-motor features. In addition, the therapeutic effect reduces gradually, and the prolonged use of drugs leads to a significative increase in the number of adverse events. For these reasons, an alternative approach that allows the replacement or the improved survival of DA neurons is very appealing for the treatment of PD patients and recently the first human clinical trials for DA neurons replacement have been set up. Here, we review the role of chemical and biological molecules that are involved in the development, survival and differentiation of DA neurons. In particular, we review the chemical small molecules used to differentiate different type of stem cells into DA neurons with high efficiency; the role of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs both in DA neurons development/survival as far as in the pathogenesis of PD; and, finally, we dissect the potential role of exosomes carrying biological molecules as treatment of PD.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/7/754dopaminergic neuronsParkinson’s diseasedopaminemiRNAslncRNAschemical small molecules |
| spellingShingle | Giulia Gaggi Andrea Di Credico Pascal Izzicupo Giovanni Iannetti Angela Di Baldassarre Barbara Ghinassi Chemical and Biological Molecules Involved in Differentiation, Maturation, and Survival of Dopaminergic Neurons in Health and Parkinson’s Disease: Physiological Aspects and Clinical Implications Biomedicines dopaminergic neurons Parkinson’s disease dopamine miRNAs lncRNAs chemical small molecules |
| title | Chemical and Biological Molecules Involved in Differentiation, Maturation, and Survival of Dopaminergic Neurons in Health and Parkinson’s Disease: Physiological Aspects and Clinical Implications |
| title_full | Chemical and Biological Molecules Involved in Differentiation, Maturation, and Survival of Dopaminergic Neurons in Health and Parkinson’s Disease: Physiological Aspects and Clinical Implications |
| title_fullStr | Chemical and Biological Molecules Involved in Differentiation, Maturation, and Survival of Dopaminergic Neurons in Health and Parkinson’s Disease: Physiological Aspects and Clinical Implications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemical and Biological Molecules Involved in Differentiation, Maturation, and Survival of Dopaminergic Neurons in Health and Parkinson’s Disease: Physiological Aspects and Clinical Implications |
| title_short | Chemical and Biological Molecules Involved in Differentiation, Maturation, and Survival of Dopaminergic Neurons in Health and Parkinson’s Disease: Physiological Aspects and Clinical Implications |
| title_sort | chemical and biological molecules involved in differentiation maturation and survival of dopaminergic neurons in health and parkinson s disease physiological aspects and clinical implications |
| topic | dopaminergic neurons Parkinson’s disease dopamine miRNAs lncRNAs chemical small molecules |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/7/754 |
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