Biomarkers of Innate Immunity and Immunological Susceptibility to Viral Infection in Patients with Alcoholic Cirrhosis
Background: The harmful effect of alcohol on the immune system may be due to both a direct action of the alcohol or its metabolites on immune cells as an indirect action modifying the different mechanisms of intercellular interaction. The interplay between stimulatory (aKIR) and inhibitory (iKIR) na...
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/2/336 |
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| author | Isabel Legaz Elena Navarro-Noguera Aurelia Collados-Ros Jose Miguel Bolarín Manuel Muro |
| author_facet | Isabel Legaz Elena Navarro-Noguera Aurelia Collados-Ros Jose Miguel Bolarín Manuel Muro |
| author_sort | Isabel Legaz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: The harmful effect of alcohol on the immune system may be due to both a direct action of the alcohol or its metabolites on immune cells as an indirect action modifying the different mechanisms of intercellular interaction. The interplay between stimulatory (aKIR) and inhibitory (iKIR) natural killer (NK) cell receptors and their corresponding human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ligands influences the outcome of virus infection. The aim was to analyze the influence of the KIR/HLA pair genetic profile in male alcoholic cirrhosis (AC) patients with and without viral infections to find susceptibility biomarkers that can help establish the risks and prevent viral infections. Methods: A total of 281 male AC patients were analyzed. The sociodemographic characteristics, viral hepatitis C (HCV), hepatitis B (HBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections were analyzed. Genomic DNA was extracted, and genetic the <i>KIR</i>/<i>HLA</i> profiles were investigated. A total of 6 <i>KIR</i> genes and their corresponding ligands (HLA-C) were analyzed. Patients were grouped into two groups: with and without associated viral infection. Results: A statistically significant increase in the combination of <i>KIR2DL2+</i>/<i>C1C1</i> was observed in male AC patients with viral infection compared to those without viral infection (45.9% vs. 24.5%, <i>p</i> = 0.021). The analysis of <i>KIR2DL3+</i>/<i>C1+</i> showed a high frequency comparing healthy controls and male AC patients without virus infection (85% vs. 76.4%; <i>p =</i> 0.026). The analysis of <i>KIR2DL3+</i>/<i>C2C2</i> frequency showed a statistically significant increase comparing male AC patients without viral infection and healthy controls (23.6% vs. 15%; <i>p =</i> 0.026). Conclusions: The genetic <i>KIR2DL2+</i>/<i>C2C2</i> profiles may play a significant role in determining the vulnerability of male AC patients to viral infections, providing valuable insights for future research and potential therapeutic interventions. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:41:22Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-1d801eafff414e869d5930cd7f268df62024-02-23T15:08:31ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592024-02-0112233610.3390/biomedicines12020336Biomarkers of Innate Immunity and Immunological Susceptibility to Viral Infection in Patients with Alcoholic CirrhosisIsabel Legaz0Elena Navarro-Noguera1Aurelia Collados-Ros2Jose Miguel Bolarín3Manuel Muro4Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia (UMU), 30100 Murcia, SpainDigestive Medicine Service, Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (HCUVA), 30120 Murcia, SpainDepartment of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia (UMU), 30100 Murcia, SpainDepartment of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia (UMU), 30100 Murcia, SpainImmunology Service, University Clinical Hospital “Virgen de la Arrixaca”—IMIB, 30120 Murcia, SpainBackground: The harmful effect of alcohol on the immune system may be due to both a direct action of the alcohol or its metabolites on immune cells as an indirect action modifying the different mechanisms of intercellular interaction. The interplay between stimulatory (aKIR) and inhibitory (iKIR) natural killer (NK) cell receptors and their corresponding human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ligands influences the outcome of virus infection. The aim was to analyze the influence of the KIR/HLA pair genetic profile in male alcoholic cirrhosis (AC) patients with and without viral infections to find susceptibility biomarkers that can help establish the risks and prevent viral infections. Methods: A total of 281 male AC patients were analyzed. The sociodemographic characteristics, viral hepatitis C (HCV), hepatitis B (HBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections were analyzed. Genomic DNA was extracted, and genetic the <i>KIR</i>/<i>HLA</i> profiles were investigated. A total of 6 <i>KIR</i> genes and their corresponding ligands (HLA-C) were analyzed. Patients were grouped into two groups: with and without associated viral infection. Results: A statistically significant increase in the combination of <i>KIR2DL2+</i>/<i>C1C1</i> was observed in male AC patients with viral infection compared to those without viral infection (45.9% vs. 24.5%, <i>p</i> = 0.021). The analysis of <i>KIR2DL3+</i>/<i>C1+</i> showed a high frequency comparing healthy controls and male AC patients without virus infection (85% vs. 76.4%; <i>p =</i> 0.026). The analysis of <i>KIR2DL3+</i>/<i>C2C2</i> frequency showed a statistically significant increase comparing male AC patients without viral infection and healthy controls (23.6% vs. 15%; <i>p =</i> 0.026). Conclusions: The genetic <i>KIR2DL2+</i>/<i>C2C2</i> profiles may play a significant role in determining the vulnerability of male AC patients to viral infections, providing valuable insights for future research and potential therapeutic interventions.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/2/336alcoholcirrhosishuman toxicologyKIR/HLA genesNK cellsvirus |
| spellingShingle | Isabel Legaz Elena Navarro-Noguera Aurelia Collados-Ros Jose Miguel Bolarín Manuel Muro Biomarkers of Innate Immunity and Immunological Susceptibility to Viral Infection in Patients with Alcoholic Cirrhosis Biomedicines alcohol cirrhosis human toxicology KIR/HLA genes NK cells virus |
| title | Biomarkers of Innate Immunity and Immunological Susceptibility to Viral Infection in Patients with Alcoholic Cirrhosis |
| title_full | Biomarkers of Innate Immunity and Immunological Susceptibility to Viral Infection in Patients with Alcoholic Cirrhosis |
| title_fullStr | Biomarkers of Innate Immunity and Immunological Susceptibility to Viral Infection in Patients with Alcoholic Cirrhosis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biomarkers of Innate Immunity and Immunological Susceptibility to Viral Infection in Patients with Alcoholic Cirrhosis |
| title_short | Biomarkers of Innate Immunity and Immunological Susceptibility to Viral Infection in Patients with Alcoholic Cirrhosis |
| title_sort | biomarkers of innate immunity and immunological susceptibility to viral infection in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis |
| topic | alcohol cirrhosis human toxicology KIR/HLA genes NK cells virus |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/2/336 |
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