Epigenetic and Metabolic Changes in Root-Knot Nematode-Plant Interactions
Two wild-type field populations of root-knot nematodes (<i>Mi-Vfield, Mj-TunC2field</i>), and two isolates selected for virulence in laboratory on resistant tomato cultivars (<i>SM2V, SM11C2</i>), were used to induce a resistance reaction in tomato to the soil-borne parasites...
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MDPI AG
2020-10-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/20/7759 |
| _version_ | 1797550369830600704 |
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| author | Paola Leonetti Sergio Molinari |
| author_facet | Paola Leonetti Sergio Molinari |
| author_sort | Paola Leonetti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Two wild-type field populations of root-knot nematodes (<i>Mi-Vfield, Mj-TunC2field</i>), and two isolates selected for virulence in laboratory on resistant tomato cultivars (<i>SM2V, SM11C2</i>), were used to induce a resistance reaction in tomato to the soil-borne parasites. Epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms of resistance were detected and compared with those occurring in partially or fully successful infections. The activated epigenetic mechanisms in plant resistance, as opposed to those activated in infected plants, were detected by analyzing the methylated status of total DNA, by ELISA methods, and the expression level of key genes involved in the methylation pathway, by qRT-PCR. DNA hypo-methylation and down-regulation of two methyl-transferase genes (<i>CMT2</i>, <i>DRM5</i>), characterized the only true resistant reaction obtained by inoculating the <i>Mi-1.2-</i>carrying resistant tomato cv Rossol with the avirulent field population <i>Mi-Vfield.</i> On the contrary, in the roots into which nematodes were allowed to develop and reproduce, total DNA was generally found to be hyper-methylated and methyl-transferase genes up-loaded. DNA hypo-methylation was considered to be the upstream mechanism that triggers the general gene over-expression observed in plant resistance. Gene silencing induced by nematodes may be obtained through DNA hyper-methylation and methyl-transferase gene activation. Plant resistance is also characterized by an inhibition of the anti-oxidant enzyme system and activation of the defense enzyme chitinase, as opposed to the activation of such a system and inhibition of the defense enzyme glucanase in roots infested by nematodes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:28:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1d923ecda86f466d9a41865ad50faaa1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:28:19Z |
| publishDate | 2020-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-1d923ecda86f466d9a41865ad50faaa12023-11-20T17:49:46ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672020-10-012120775910.3390/ijms21207759Epigenetic and Metabolic Changes in Root-Knot Nematode-Plant InteractionsPaola Leonetti0Sergio Molinari1Bari Unit, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Department of Biology, Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISBA), 70126 CNR Bari, ItalyBari Unit, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Department of Biology, Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISBA), 70126 CNR Bari, ItalyTwo wild-type field populations of root-knot nematodes (<i>Mi-Vfield, Mj-TunC2field</i>), and two isolates selected for virulence in laboratory on resistant tomato cultivars (<i>SM2V, SM11C2</i>), were used to induce a resistance reaction in tomato to the soil-borne parasites. Epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms of resistance were detected and compared with those occurring in partially or fully successful infections. The activated epigenetic mechanisms in plant resistance, as opposed to those activated in infected plants, were detected by analyzing the methylated status of total DNA, by ELISA methods, and the expression level of key genes involved in the methylation pathway, by qRT-PCR. DNA hypo-methylation and down-regulation of two methyl-transferase genes (<i>CMT2</i>, <i>DRM5</i>), characterized the only true resistant reaction obtained by inoculating the <i>Mi-1.2-</i>carrying resistant tomato cv Rossol with the avirulent field population <i>Mi-Vfield.</i> On the contrary, in the roots into which nematodes were allowed to develop and reproduce, total DNA was generally found to be hyper-methylated and methyl-transferase genes up-loaded. DNA hypo-methylation was considered to be the upstream mechanism that triggers the general gene over-expression observed in plant resistance. Gene silencing induced by nematodes may be obtained through DNA hyper-methylation and methyl-transferase gene activation. Plant resistance is also characterized by an inhibition of the anti-oxidant enzyme system and activation of the defense enzyme chitinase, as opposed to the activation of such a system and inhibition of the defense enzyme glucanase in roots infested by nematodes.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/20/7759antioxidant enzymesDNA methylationepigeneticsplant resistanceroot-knot nematodesROS |
| spellingShingle | Paola Leonetti Sergio Molinari Epigenetic and Metabolic Changes in Root-Knot Nematode-Plant Interactions International Journal of Molecular Sciences antioxidant enzymes DNA methylation epigenetics plant resistance root-knot nematodes ROS |
| title | Epigenetic and Metabolic Changes in Root-Knot Nematode-Plant Interactions |
| title_full | Epigenetic and Metabolic Changes in Root-Knot Nematode-Plant Interactions |
| title_fullStr | Epigenetic and Metabolic Changes in Root-Knot Nematode-Plant Interactions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Epigenetic and Metabolic Changes in Root-Knot Nematode-Plant Interactions |
| title_short | Epigenetic and Metabolic Changes in Root-Knot Nematode-Plant Interactions |
| title_sort | epigenetic and metabolic changes in root knot nematode plant interactions |
| topic | antioxidant enzymes DNA methylation epigenetics plant resistance root-knot nematodes ROS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/20/7759 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT paolaleonetti epigeneticandmetabolicchangesinrootknotnematodeplantinteractions AT sergiomolinari epigeneticandmetabolicchangesinrootknotnematodeplantinteractions |