Impacts of Cd Pollution on the Vitality, Anatomy and Physiology of Two Morphologically Different Lichen Species of the Genera <i>Parmotrema</i> and <i>Usnea</i>, Evaluated under Experimental Conditions
The heavy metal Cd accumulates in trophic chains, constituting a toxic element for photosynthesizing organisms, including the algal photobionts of lichen. Thus, as lichens respond differently to heavy metal toxicity, we hypothesized that the species <i>Parmotrema tinctorum</i> and <i&...
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/14/11/926 |
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| author | Alex Marcelino dos Santos Luciana Cristina Vitorino Bárbara Gonçalves Cruvinel Roniel Geraldo Ávila Sebastião de Carvalho Vasconcelos Filho Priscila Ferreira Batista Layara Alexandre Bessa |
| author_facet | Alex Marcelino dos Santos Luciana Cristina Vitorino Bárbara Gonçalves Cruvinel Roniel Geraldo Ávila Sebastião de Carvalho Vasconcelos Filho Priscila Ferreira Batista Layara Alexandre Bessa |
| author_sort | Alex Marcelino dos Santos |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The heavy metal Cd accumulates in trophic chains, constituting a toxic element for photosynthesizing organisms, including the algal photobionts of lichen. Thus, as lichens respond differently to heavy metal toxicity, we hypothesized that the species <i>Parmotrema tinctorum</i> and <i>Usnea barbata</i>, commonly sampled in the Cerrado ecoregion, could be sensitive to Cd and, therefore, be used to biomonitor the dispersion of this metal. We also aimed to indicate the responsiveness of biological markers to Cd in these species by exposing the thalli to simulated rainfall with increasing metal concentrations. We observed that both lichen species are responsive to Cd stress; however, different pathways are accessed. The synthesis of carotenoids by <i>P. tinctorum</i> and the production of antioxidant enzymes by <i>U. barbata</i> seem to constitute relevant response strategies to Cd-induced stress. The lichen morphoanatomy, cell viability, photobiont vitality index, chlorophyll <i>a</i> fluorescence, and chlorophyll <i>a</i> synthesis were efficient biomarkers for the effects of increasing Cd exposure in <i>P. tinctorum</i>, being the variables primarily associated with damage to the photobiont. For <i>U. barbata</i>, the lichen morphoanatomy, photochemistry, and antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase) were essential to reflect Cd toxicity. However, the species <i>P. tinctorum</i> was characterized as the most sensitive to Cd toxicity, constituting a good bioindicator for the presence of this metal. It can be used in the diagnosis of air quality in urban and industrial areas or even in forest areas influenced by Cd in phosphate fertilizers. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-2818 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:08:04Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-1d96e34359fc46069ab194b476b4c1c02023-11-24T04:21:00ZengMDPI AGDiversity1424-28182022-10-01141192610.3390/d14110926Impacts of Cd Pollution on the Vitality, Anatomy and Physiology of Two Morphologically Different Lichen Species of the Genera <i>Parmotrema</i> and <i>Usnea</i>, Evaluated under Experimental ConditionsAlex Marcelino dos Santos0Luciana Cristina Vitorino1Bárbara Gonçalves Cruvinel2Roniel Geraldo Ávila3Sebastião de Carvalho Vasconcelos Filho4Priscila Ferreira Batista5Layara Alexandre Bessa6Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Highway Sul Goiana, Km 01, Rio Verde 75901-970, BrazilLaboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Highway Sul Goiana, Km 01, Rio Verde 75901-970, BrazilLaboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Highway Sul Goiana, Km 01, Rio Verde 75901-970, BrazilLaboratory of Metabolism and Genetics of Biodiversity, Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde 75901-970, BrazilLaboratory of Plant Anatomy, Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde 75901-970, BrazilGraduate Program in Biodiversity and Conservation (PPGBio), Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde 75901-970, BrazilLaboratory of Metabolism and Genetics of Biodiversity, Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde 75901-970, BrazilThe heavy metal Cd accumulates in trophic chains, constituting a toxic element for photosynthesizing organisms, including the algal photobionts of lichen. Thus, as lichens respond differently to heavy metal toxicity, we hypothesized that the species <i>Parmotrema tinctorum</i> and <i>Usnea barbata</i>, commonly sampled in the Cerrado ecoregion, could be sensitive to Cd and, therefore, be used to biomonitor the dispersion of this metal. We also aimed to indicate the responsiveness of biological markers to Cd in these species by exposing the thalli to simulated rainfall with increasing metal concentrations. We observed that both lichen species are responsive to Cd stress; however, different pathways are accessed. The synthesis of carotenoids by <i>P. tinctorum</i> and the production of antioxidant enzymes by <i>U. barbata</i> seem to constitute relevant response strategies to Cd-induced stress. The lichen morphoanatomy, cell viability, photobiont vitality index, chlorophyll <i>a</i> fluorescence, and chlorophyll <i>a</i> synthesis were efficient biomarkers for the effects of increasing Cd exposure in <i>P. tinctorum</i>, being the variables primarily associated with damage to the photobiont. For <i>U. barbata</i>, the lichen morphoanatomy, photochemistry, and antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase) were essential to reflect Cd toxicity. However, the species <i>P. tinctorum</i> was characterized as the most sensitive to Cd toxicity, constituting a good bioindicator for the presence of this metal. It can be used in the diagnosis of air quality in urban and industrial areas or even in forest areas influenced by Cd in phosphate fertilizers.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/14/11/926agricultural pollutantair pollutionheavy metal pollutionmycobiontphotobiont |
| spellingShingle | Alex Marcelino dos Santos Luciana Cristina Vitorino Bárbara Gonçalves Cruvinel Roniel Geraldo Ávila Sebastião de Carvalho Vasconcelos Filho Priscila Ferreira Batista Layara Alexandre Bessa Impacts of Cd Pollution on the Vitality, Anatomy and Physiology of Two Morphologically Different Lichen Species of the Genera <i>Parmotrema</i> and <i>Usnea</i>, Evaluated under Experimental Conditions Diversity agricultural pollutant air pollution heavy metal pollution mycobiont photobiont |
| title | Impacts of Cd Pollution on the Vitality, Anatomy and Physiology of Two Morphologically Different Lichen Species of the Genera <i>Parmotrema</i> and <i>Usnea</i>, Evaluated under Experimental Conditions |
| title_full | Impacts of Cd Pollution on the Vitality, Anatomy and Physiology of Two Morphologically Different Lichen Species of the Genera <i>Parmotrema</i> and <i>Usnea</i>, Evaluated under Experimental Conditions |
| title_fullStr | Impacts of Cd Pollution on the Vitality, Anatomy and Physiology of Two Morphologically Different Lichen Species of the Genera <i>Parmotrema</i> and <i>Usnea</i>, Evaluated under Experimental Conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impacts of Cd Pollution on the Vitality, Anatomy and Physiology of Two Morphologically Different Lichen Species of the Genera <i>Parmotrema</i> and <i>Usnea</i>, Evaluated under Experimental Conditions |
| title_short | Impacts of Cd Pollution on the Vitality, Anatomy and Physiology of Two Morphologically Different Lichen Species of the Genera <i>Parmotrema</i> and <i>Usnea</i>, Evaluated under Experimental Conditions |
| title_sort | impacts of cd pollution on the vitality anatomy and physiology of two morphologically different lichen species of the genera i parmotrema i and i usnea i evaluated under experimental conditions |
| topic | agricultural pollutant air pollution heavy metal pollution mycobiont photobiont |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/14/11/926 |
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