Aerosol Microbiome over the Mediterranean Sea Diversity and Abundance
Prokaryotic microbes can become aerosolized and deposited into new environments located thousands of kilometers away from their place of origin. The Mediterranean Sea is an oligotrophic to ultra-oligotrophic marginal sea, which neighbors northern Africa (a major source of natural aerosols) and Europ...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-08-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/10/8/440 |
| _version_ | 1818277572506550272 |
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| author | Esra Mescioglu Eyal Rahav Natalia Belkin Peng Xian Jordan M. Eizenga Ania Vichik Barak Herut Adina Paytan |
| author_facet | Esra Mescioglu Eyal Rahav Natalia Belkin Peng Xian Jordan M. Eizenga Ania Vichik Barak Herut Adina Paytan |
| author_sort | Esra Mescioglu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Prokaryotic microbes can become aerosolized and deposited into new environments located thousands of kilometers away from their place of origin. The Mediterranean Sea is an oligotrophic to ultra-oligotrophic marginal sea, which neighbors northern Africa (a major source of natural aerosols) and Europe (a source of mostly anthropogenic aerosols). Previous studies demonstrated that airborne bacteria deposited during dust events over the Mediterranean Sea may significantly alter the ecology and function of the surface seawater layer, yet little is known about their abundance and diversity during ‘background’ non-storm conditions. Here, we describe the abundance and genetic diversity of airborne bacteria in 16 air samples collected over an East-West transect of the entire Mediterranean Sea during non-storm conditions in April 2011. The results show that airborne bacteria represent diverse groups with the most abundant bacteria from the Firmicutes (Bacilli and Clostridia) and Proteobacteria (Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria) phyla. Most of the bacteria in our samples have previously been observed in the air at other open ocean locations, in the air over the Mediterranean Sea during dust storms, and in the Mediterranean seawater. Airborne bacterial abundance ranged from 0.7 × 10<sup>4</sup> to 2.5 × 10<sup>4</sup> cells m<sup>−3</sup> air, similar to abundances at other oceanic regimes. Our results demonstrate that airborne bacterial diversity is positively correlated with the mineral dust content in the aerosols and was spatially separated between major basins of the Mediterranean Sea. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive biogeographical dataset to assess the diversity and abundance of airborne microbes over the Mediterranean Sea. Our results shed light on the spatiotemporal distribution of airborne microbes and may have implications for dispersal and distribution of microbes (biogeography) in the ocean. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T23:03:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1db145c3402a4e3da987c4170f2d37d8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T23:03:40Z |
| publishDate | 2019-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-1db145c3402a4e3da987c4170f2d37d82022-12-22T00:08:46ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332019-08-0110844010.3390/atmos10080440atmos10080440Aerosol Microbiome over the Mediterranean Sea Diversity and AbundanceEsra Mescioglu0Eyal Rahav1Natalia Belkin2Peng Xian3Jordan M. Eizenga4Ania Vichik5Barak Herut6Adina Paytan7Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USAIsrael Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa 3108000, IsraelIsrael Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa 3108000, IsraelMarine Meteorology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 7 Grace Hopper Avenue, Monterey, CA 93940, USABiomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USAIsrael Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa 3108000, IsraelIsrael Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa 3108000, IsraelInstitute of Marine Science, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USAProkaryotic microbes can become aerosolized and deposited into new environments located thousands of kilometers away from their place of origin. The Mediterranean Sea is an oligotrophic to ultra-oligotrophic marginal sea, which neighbors northern Africa (a major source of natural aerosols) and Europe (a source of mostly anthropogenic aerosols). Previous studies demonstrated that airborne bacteria deposited during dust events over the Mediterranean Sea may significantly alter the ecology and function of the surface seawater layer, yet little is known about their abundance and diversity during ‘background’ non-storm conditions. Here, we describe the abundance and genetic diversity of airborne bacteria in 16 air samples collected over an East-West transect of the entire Mediterranean Sea during non-storm conditions in April 2011. The results show that airborne bacteria represent diverse groups with the most abundant bacteria from the Firmicutes (Bacilli and Clostridia) and Proteobacteria (Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria) phyla. Most of the bacteria in our samples have previously been observed in the air at other open ocean locations, in the air over the Mediterranean Sea during dust storms, and in the Mediterranean seawater. Airborne bacterial abundance ranged from 0.7 × 10<sup>4</sup> to 2.5 × 10<sup>4</sup> cells m<sup>−3</sup> air, similar to abundances at other oceanic regimes. Our results demonstrate that airborne bacterial diversity is positively correlated with the mineral dust content in the aerosols and was spatially separated between major basins of the Mediterranean Sea. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive biogeographical dataset to assess the diversity and abundance of airborne microbes over the Mediterranean Sea. Our results shed light on the spatiotemporal distribution of airborne microbes and may have implications for dispersal and distribution of microbes (biogeography) in the ocean.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/10/8/440bioaerosolsairborne bacteriaMediterranean Seaaeromicrobiology |
| spellingShingle | Esra Mescioglu Eyal Rahav Natalia Belkin Peng Xian Jordan M. Eizenga Ania Vichik Barak Herut Adina Paytan Aerosol Microbiome over the Mediterranean Sea Diversity and Abundance Atmosphere bioaerosols airborne bacteria Mediterranean Sea aeromicrobiology |
| title | Aerosol Microbiome over the Mediterranean Sea Diversity and Abundance |
| title_full | Aerosol Microbiome over the Mediterranean Sea Diversity and Abundance |
| title_fullStr | Aerosol Microbiome over the Mediterranean Sea Diversity and Abundance |
| title_full_unstemmed | Aerosol Microbiome over the Mediterranean Sea Diversity and Abundance |
| title_short | Aerosol Microbiome over the Mediterranean Sea Diversity and Abundance |
| title_sort | aerosol microbiome over the mediterranean sea diversity and abundance |
| topic | bioaerosols airborne bacteria Mediterranean Sea aeromicrobiology |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/10/8/440 |
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