The Evolution of the <i>KANADI</i> Gene Family and Leaf Development in Lycophytes and Ferns
Leaves constitute the main photosynthetic plant organ and even though their importance is not debated, the origin and development of leaves still is. The leaf developmental network has been elucidated for angiosperms, from genes controlling leaf initiation, to leaf polarity and shape. There are four...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2019-08-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/8/9/313 |
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| author | Cecilia Zumajo-Cardona Alejandra Vasco Barbara A. Ambrose |
| author_facet | Cecilia Zumajo-Cardona Alejandra Vasco Barbara A. Ambrose |
| author_sort | Cecilia Zumajo-Cardona |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Leaves constitute the main photosynthetic plant organ and even though their importance is not debated, the origin and development of leaves still is. The leaf developmental network has been elucidated for angiosperms, from genes controlling leaf initiation, to leaf polarity and shape. There are four <i>KANADI</i> (<i>KAN</i>) paralogs in <i>Arabidopsis</i> <i>thaliana</i> needed for organ polarity with <i>KAN1</i> and <i>KAN2</i> specifying abaxial leaf identity. Yet, studies of this gene lineage outside angiosperms are required to better understand the evolutionary patterns of leaf development and the role of <i>KAN</i> homologs. We studied the evolution of <i>KAN</i> genes across vascular plants and their expression by in situ hybridization in the fern, <i>Equisetum hyemale</i> and the lycophyte <i>Selaginella moellendorffii</i>. Our results show that the expression of <i>KAN</i> genes in leaves is similar between ferns and angiosperms. However, the expression patterns observed in the lycophyte <i>S. moellendorffii</i> are significantly different compared to all other vascular plants, suggesting that the <i>KAN</i> function in leaf polarity is likely only conserved across ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. This study indicates that mechanisms for leaf development are different in lycophytes compared to other vascular plants. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-24T04:33:09Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-24T04:33:09Z |
| publishDate | 2019-08-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-1dc25deb0b5a48b1886a913eeeab1d812022-12-21T17:15:19ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472019-08-018931310.3390/plants8090313plants8090313The Evolution of the <i>KANADI</i> Gene Family and Leaf Development in Lycophytes and FernsCecilia Zumajo-Cardona0Alejandra Vasco1Barbara A. Ambrose2The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458, USABotanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USAThe New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458, USALeaves constitute the main photosynthetic plant organ and even though their importance is not debated, the origin and development of leaves still is. The leaf developmental network has been elucidated for angiosperms, from genes controlling leaf initiation, to leaf polarity and shape. There are four <i>KANADI</i> (<i>KAN</i>) paralogs in <i>Arabidopsis</i> <i>thaliana</i> needed for organ polarity with <i>KAN1</i> and <i>KAN2</i> specifying abaxial leaf identity. Yet, studies of this gene lineage outside angiosperms are required to better understand the evolutionary patterns of leaf development and the role of <i>KAN</i> homologs. We studied the evolution of <i>KAN</i> genes across vascular plants and their expression by in situ hybridization in the fern, <i>Equisetum hyemale</i> and the lycophyte <i>Selaginella moellendorffii</i>. Our results show that the expression of <i>KAN</i> genes in leaves is similar between ferns and angiosperms. However, the expression patterns observed in the lycophyte <i>S. moellendorffii</i> are significantly different compared to all other vascular plants, suggesting that the <i>KAN</i> function in leaf polarity is likely only conserved across ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. This study indicates that mechanisms for leaf development are different in lycophytes compared to other vascular plants.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/8/9/313<i>Equisetum</i>fernsin situ hybridizationlycophytes<i>KANADI</i>megaphyllmicrophyllplant evo-devo<i>Selaginella</i>telome theory |
| spellingShingle | Cecilia Zumajo-Cardona Alejandra Vasco Barbara A. Ambrose The Evolution of the <i>KANADI</i> Gene Family and Leaf Development in Lycophytes and Ferns Plants <i>Equisetum</i> ferns in situ hybridization lycophytes <i>KANADI</i> megaphyll microphyll plant evo-devo <i>Selaginella</i> telome theory |
| title | The Evolution of the <i>KANADI</i> Gene Family and Leaf Development in Lycophytes and Ferns |
| title_full | The Evolution of the <i>KANADI</i> Gene Family and Leaf Development in Lycophytes and Ferns |
| title_fullStr | The Evolution of the <i>KANADI</i> Gene Family and Leaf Development in Lycophytes and Ferns |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Evolution of the <i>KANADI</i> Gene Family and Leaf Development in Lycophytes and Ferns |
| title_short | The Evolution of the <i>KANADI</i> Gene Family and Leaf Development in Lycophytes and Ferns |
| title_sort | evolution of the i kanadi i gene family and leaf development in lycophytes and ferns |
| topic | <i>Equisetum</i> ferns in situ hybridization lycophytes <i>KANADI</i> megaphyll microphyll plant evo-devo <i>Selaginella</i> telome theory |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/8/9/313 |
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