All Central Nervous System Neuro- and Vascular-Communication Channels Are Surrounded With Cerebrospinal Fluid
Background: Recent emerging evidence has highlighted the potential critical role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in cerebral waste clearance and immunomodulation. It is already very well-established that the central nervous system (CNS) is completely submerged in CSF on a macro-level; but to what exten...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Neurology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2021.614636/full |
| _version_ | 1823943053127188480 |
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| author | Lara M. Fahmy Yongsheng Chen Stephanie Xuan E. Mark Haacke Jiani Hu Quan Jiang |
| author_facet | Lara M. Fahmy Yongsheng Chen Stephanie Xuan E. Mark Haacke Jiani Hu Quan Jiang |
| author_sort | Lara M. Fahmy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Recent emerging evidence has highlighted the potential critical role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in cerebral waste clearance and immunomodulation. It is already very well-established that the central nervous system (CNS) is completely submerged in CSF on a macro-level; but to what extent is this true on a micro-level? Specifically, within the peri-neural and peri-vascular spaces within the CNS parenchyma. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to simultaneously map the presence of CSF within all peri-neural (cranial and spinal nerves) and peri-vascular spaces in vivo in humans. Four MRI protocols each with five participants were used to image the CSF in the brain and spinal cord. Our findings indicated that all CNS neuro- and vascular-communication channels are surrounded with CSF. In other words, all peri-neural spaces surrounding the cranial and spinal nerves as well as all peri-vascular spaces surrounding MRI-visible vasculature were filled with CSF. These findings suggest that anatomically, substance exchange between the brain parenchyma and outside tissues including lymphatic ones can only occur through CSF pathways and/or vascular pathways, warranting further investigation into its implications in cerebral waste clearance and immunity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-17T04:45:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1dc5efd477fb4e1885574608b2ed7d7b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-2295 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-17T04:45:54Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Neurology |
| spelling | doaj.art-1dc5efd477fb4e1885574608b2ed7d7b2022-12-21T22:03:05ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neurology1664-22952021-06-011210.3389/fneur.2021.614636614636All Central Nervous System Neuro- and Vascular-Communication Channels Are Surrounded With Cerebrospinal FluidLara M. Fahmy0Yongsheng Chen1Stephanie Xuan2E. Mark Haacke3Jiani Hu4Quan Jiang5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United StatesDepartment of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United StatesDepartment of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United StatesDepartment of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United StatesDepartment of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United StatesDepartment of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United StatesBackground: Recent emerging evidence has highlighted the potential critical role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in cerebral waste clearance and immunomodulation. It is already very well-established that the central nervous system (CNS) is completely submerged in CSF on a macro-level; but to what extent is this true on a micro-level? Specifically, within the peri-neural and peri-vascular spaces within the CNS parenchyma. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to simultaneously map the presence of CSF within all peri-neural (cranial and spinal nerves) and peri-vascular spaces in vivo in humans. Four MRI protocols each with five participants were used to image the CSF in the brain and spinal cord. Our findings indicated that all CNS neuro- and vascular-communication channels are surrounded with CSF. In other words, all peri-neural spaces surrounding the cranial and spinal nerves as well as all peri-vascular spaces surrounding MRI-visible vasculature were filled with CSF. These findings suggest that anatomically, substance exchange between the brain parenchyma and outside tissues including lymphatic ones can only occur through CSF pathways and/or vascular pathways, warranting further investigation into its implications in cerebral waste clearance and immunity.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2021.614636/fullcerebrospinal fluidcentral nervous systemglymphatic clearancecerebral waste clearancemagnetic resonanace imaging |
| spellingShingle | Lara M. Fahmy Yongsheng Chen Stephanie Xuan E. Mark Haacke Jiani Hu Quan Jiang All Central Nervous System Neuro- and Vascular-Communication Channels Are Surrounded With Cerebrospinal Fluid Frontiers in Neurology cerebrospinal fluid central nervous system glymphatic clearance cerebral waste clearance magnetic resonanace imaging |
| title | All Central Nervous System Neuro- and Vascular-Communication Channels Are Surrounded With Cerebrospinal Fluid |
| title_full | All Central Nervous System Neuro- and Vascular-Communication Channels Are Surrounded With Cerebrospinal Fluid |
| title_fullStr | All Central Nervous System Neuro- and Vascular-Communication Channels Are Surrounded With Cerebrospinal Fluid |
| title_full_unstemmed | All Central Nervous System Neuro- and Vascular-Communication Channels Are Surrounded With Cerebrospinal Fluid |
| title_short | All Central Nervous System Neuro- and Vascular-Communication Channels Are Surrounded With Cerebrospinal Fluid |
| title_sort | all central nervous system neuro and vascular communication channels are surrounded with cerebrospinal fluid |
| topic | cerebrospinal fluid central nervous system glymphatic clearance cerebral waste clearance magnetic resonanace imaging |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2021.614636/full |
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