Estimated Impacts of Smart Water Meter Implementation on Domestic Hot Water Consumption and Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Case Studies
This study investigates the water–energy–carbon (WEC) nexus in cities across four countries, namely the United Kingdom (UK), the United States of America (USA), Australia (AUS), and South Korea (KOR), over a decade, from 2011 to 2021. The primary objective is to assess the impact of smart water mete...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/17/3045 |
| _version_ | 1797581760567967744 |
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| author | Spancer Msamadya Jin Chul Joo Jung Min Lee Sangho Lee Sangrae Kim Hyeon Woo Go Seul Gi Lee |
| author_facet | Spancer Msamadya Jin Chul Joo Jung Min Lee Sangho Lee Sangrae Kim Hyeon Woo Go Seul Gi Lee |
| author_sort | Spancer Msamadya |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study investigates the water–energy–carbon (WEC) nexus in cities across four countries, namely the United Kingdom (UK), the United States of America (USA), Australia (AUS), and South Korea (KOR), over a decade, from 2011 to 2021. The primary objective is to assess the impact of smart water metering (SWM) implementation on the WEC nexus, with a specific focus on domestic hot water (DHW) consumption and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The analysis of the collected data reveals diverse patterns among cities with varying levels of SWM implementation. Notably, cities with higher SWM implementation demonstrated significant reductions in water consumption, indicating the effectiveness of the efficient water consumption and demand management achieved through SWM. The study emphasizes the importance of addressing GHG emissions related to water heating, with the carbon intensity of water heating identified as a critical factor in this context. To achieve net reductions in GHG emissions, intensive efforts are required to simultaneously decrease both DHW consumption and the carbon intensity of water heating. The research findings highlight the potential for substantial GHG emissions reductions by combining SWM implementation with the decarbonization of water heating. By recognizing the interdependencies within WEC systems, this study underscores the significance of SWM in advancing toward a carbon-neutral society. In conclusion, this study contributes valuable insights into the WEC nexus and emphasizes the role of SWM in achieving sustainability goals. It advocates for integrated policies to effectively address the interconnected issues of the WEC nexus for effective climate change mitigation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:10:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1ddf90f345f240ddb9a0cfaf269a6c0a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:10:10Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-1ddf90f345f240ddb9a0cfaf269a6c0a2023-11-19T09:01:29ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412023-08-011517304510.3390/w15173045Estimated Impacts of Smart Water Meter Implementation on Domestic Hot Water Consumption and Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Case StudiesSpancer Msamadya0Jin Chul Joo1Jung Min Lee2Sangho Lee3Sangrae Kim4Hyeon Woo Go5Seul Gi Lee6Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Construction Environment Research, Land and Housing Institute, Daejeon 34047, Republic of KoreaSchool of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of KoreaWater Environment Center, Korea Conformity Laboratories, Seoul 08503, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of KoreaThis study investigates the water–energy–carbon (WEC) nexus in cities across four countries, namely the United Kingdom (UK), the United States of America (USA), Australia (AUS), and South Korea (KOR), over a decade, from 2011 to 2021. The primary objective is to assess the impact of smart water metering (SWM) implementation on the WEC nexus, with a specific focus on domestic hot water (DHW) consumption and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The analysis of the collected data reveals diverse patterns among cities with varying levels of SWM implementation. Notably, cities with higher SWM implementation demonstrated significant reductions in water consumption, indicating the effectiveness of the efficient water consumption and demand management achieved through SWM. The study emphasizes the importance of addressing GHG emissions related to water heating, with the carbon intensity of water heating identified as a critical factor in this context. To achieve net reductions in GHG emissions, intensive efforts are required to simultaneously decrease both DHW consumption and the carbon intensity of water heating. The research findings highlight the potential for substantial GHG emissions reductions by combining SWM implementation with the decarbonization of water heating. By recognizing the interdependencies within WEC systems, this study underscores the significance of SWM in advancing toward a carbon-neutral society. In conclusion, this study contributes valuable insights into the WEC nexus and emphasizes the role of SWM in achieving sustainability goals. It advocates for integrated policies to effectively address the interconnected issues of the WEC nexus for effective climate change mitigation.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/17/3045carbon intensitydomestic hot water (DHW)greenhouse gas (GHG)smart water meter (SWM)water consumptionwater–energy–carbon (WEC) |
| spellingShingle | Spancer Msamadya Jin Chul Joo Jung Min Lee Sangho Lee Sangrae Kim Hyeon Woo Go Seul Gi Lee Estimated Impacts of Smart Water Meter Implementation on Domestic Hot Water Consumption and Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Case Studies Water carbon intensity domestic hot water (DHW) greenhouse gas (GHG) smart water meter (SWM) water consumption water–energy–carbon (WEC) |
| title | Estimated Impacts of Smart Water Meter Implementation on Domestic Hot Water Consumption and Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Case Studies |
| title_full | Estimated Impacts of Smart Water Meter Implementation on Domestic Hot Water Consumption and Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Case Studies |
| title_fullStr | Estimated Impacts of Smart Water Meter Implementation on Domestic Hot Water Consumption and Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Case Studies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Estimated Impacts of Smart Water Meter Implementation on Domestic Hot Water Consumption and Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Case Studies |
| title_short | Estimated Impacts of Smart Water Meter Implementation on Domestic Hot Water Consumption and Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Case Studies |
| title_sort | estimated impacts of smart water meter implementation on domestic hot water consumption and related greenhouse gas emissions from case studies |
| topic | carbon intensity domestic hot water (DHW) greenhouse gas (GHG) smart water meter (SWM) water consumption water–energy–carbon (WEC) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/17/3045 |
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