Blood Cell In Vitro Cytokine Production in Response to Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation in a Healthy Population: Effects of Age, Sex, and Smoking
Immune system functionality has been commonly assessed by a whole-blood or isolated-cell stimulation assay. The aim of this study was to determine whether cytokine production in whole-blood-stimulated samples is influenced by age, sex, and smoking. A descriptive cross-sectional study in 253 healthy...
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/1/103 |
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| author | Lluis Rodas Sonia Martínez Aina Riera-Sampol Hannah J. Moir Pedro Tauler |
| author_facet | Lluis Rodas Sonia Martínez Aina Riera-Sampol Hannah J. Moir Pedro Tauler |
| author_sort | Lluis Rodas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Immune system functionality has been commonly assessed by a whole-blood or isolated-cell stimulation assay. The aim of this study was to determine whether cytokine production in whole-blood-stimulated samples is influenced by age, sex, and smoking. A descriptive cross-sectional study in 253 healthy participants aged 18–55 years was conducted. Whole blood samples were stimulated for 24 h with LPS and concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were determined in the culture media. Among parameters considered, statistical regression analysis indicated that smoking (change in R<sup>2</sup> = 0.064, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and sex (change in R<sup>2</sup> = 0.070, <i>p</i> < 0.001) were the main predictors for IL-10 production, with higher values for women and non-smokers. Age was also found to be a significant predictor (change in R<sup>2</sup> = 0.021, <i>p</i> < 0.001), with higher values for younger ages. Age (change in R<sup>2</sup> = 0.089, <i>p</i> = 0.013) and smoking (change in R<sup>2</sup> = 0.037, <i>p</i> = 0.002) were found to be negative predictors for IL-6 production. Regarding TNF-α-stimulated production, age (change in R<sup>2</sup> = 0.029, <i>p</i> = 0.009) and smoking (change in R<sup>2</sup> = 0.022, <i>p</i> = 0.022) were found to be negative predictors. Furthermore, sex (change in R<sup>2</sup> = 0.016, <i>p</i> = 0.045) was found to be a significant predictor, with lower values for women. In conclusion, sex, age, and smoking were found to be independent determinants of stimulated cytokine production. While female sex is associated with higher IL-10 and lower TNF-α production, aging and smoking are associated with lower IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α production. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:46:05Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-1e14d662404b48c5af1c6db3b91c55e72023-11-23T11:20:12ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092021-12-0111110310.3390/cells11010103Blood Cell In Vitro Cytokine Production in Response to Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation in a Healthy Population: Effects of Age, Sex, and SmokingLluis Rodas0Sonia Martínez1Aina Riera-Sampol2Hannah J. Moir3Pedro Tauler4Research Group on Evidence, Lifestyles and Health, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, SpainResearch Group on Evidence, Lifestyles and Health, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, SpainResearch Group on Evidence, Lifestyles and Health, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, SpainSchool of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UKResearch Group on Evidence, Lifestyles and Health, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, SpainImmune system functionality has been commonly assessed by a whole-blood or isolated-cell stimulation assay. The aim of this study was to determine whether cytokine production in whole-blood-stimulated samples is influenced by age, sex, and smoking. A descriptive cross-sectional study in 253 healthy participants aged 18–55 years was conducted. Whole blood samples were stimulated for 24 h with LPS and concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were determined in the culture media. Among parameters considered, statistical regression analysis indicated that smoking (change in R<sup>2</sup> = 0.064, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and sex (change in R<sup>2</sup> = 0.070, <i>p</i> < 0.001) were the main predictors for IL-10 production, with higher values for women and non-smokers. Age was also found to be a significant predictor (change in R<sup>2</sup> = 0.021, <i>p</i> < 0.001), with higher values for younger ages. Age (change in R<sup>2</sup> = 0.089, <i>p</i> = 0.013) and smoking (change in R<sup>2</sup> = 0.037, <i>p</i> = 0.002) were found to be negative predictors for IL-6 production. Regarding TNF-α-stimulated production, age (change in R<sup>2</sup> = 0.029, <i>p</i> = 0.009) and smoking (change in R<sup>2</sup> = 0.022, <i>p</i> = 0.022) were found to be negative predictors. Furthermore, sex (change in R<sup>2</sup> = 0.016, <i>p</i> = 0.045) was found to be a significant predictor, with lower values for women. In conclusion, sex, age, and smoking were found to be independent determinants of stimulated cytokine production. While female sex is associated with higher IL-10 and lower TNF-α production, aging and smoking are associated with lower IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α production.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/1/103LPS challengeblood cultureagesexsmokingmenstrual cycle |
| spellingShingle | Lluis Rodas Sonia Martínez Aina Riera-Sampol Hannah J. Moir Pedro Tauler Blood Cell In Vitro Cytokine Production in Response to Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation in a Healthy Population: Effects of Age, Sex, and Smoking Cells LPS challenge blood culture age sex smoking menstrual cycle |
| title | Blood Cell In Vitro Cytokine Production in Response to Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation in a Healthy Population: Effects of Age, Sex, and Smoking |
| title_full | Blood Cell In Vitro Cytokine Production in Response to Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation in a Healthy Population: Effects of Age, Sex, and Smoking |
| title_fullStr | Blood Cell In Vitro Cytokine Production in Response to Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation in a Healthy Population: Effects of Age, Sex, and Smoking |
| title_full_unstemmed | Blood Cell In Vitro Cytokine Production in Response to Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation in a Healthy Population: Effects of Age, Sex, and Smoking |
| title_short | Blood Cell In Vitro Cytokine Production in Response to Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation in a Healthy Population: Effects of Age, Sex, and Smoking |
| title_sort | blood cell in vitro cytokine production in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation in a healthy population effects of age sex and smoking |
| topic | LPS challenge blood culture age sex smoking menstrual cycle |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/1/103 |
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