Penicillin and Oxacillin Loaded on PEGylated-Graphene Oxide to Enhance the Activity of the Antibiotics against Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>
Infectious diseases are known as the second biggest cause of death worldwide, due to the development of antibiotic resistance. To overcome this problem, nanotechnology offers some promising approaches, such as drug delivery systems that can enhance drug efficiency. Herein, a Graphene Oxide-polyethyl...
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Pharmaceutics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/10/2049 |
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| author | Mohadeseh Mohammadi Tabar Moj Khaleghi Elham Bidram Atefeh Zarepour Ali Zarrabi |
| author_facet | Mohadeseh Mohammadi Tabar Moj Khaleghi Elham Bidram Atefeh Zarepour Ali Zarrabi |
| author_sort | Mohadeseh Mohammadi Tabar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Infectious diseases are known as the second biggest cause of death worldwide, due to the development of antibiotic resistance. To overcome this problem, nanotechnology offers some promising approaches, such as drug delivery systems that can enhance drug efficiency. Herein, a Graphene Oxide-polyethylene glycol (GO-PEG) nano-platform was synthesized and penicillin and oxacillin, two antibiotics that are ineffective against Methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> (MRSA), were loaded on it to improve their effectiveness. The nanocomposites were characterized using FTIR, XRD, UV–Vis, FE-SEM/EDX, and Zeta potential analyses, followed by an evaluation of their antibacterial activity toward MRSA. Based on the results, drug loaded GO-PEG nanocomposites with loading efficiencies of 81% and 92% for penicillin and oxacillin, respectively, were successfully synthesized. They showed a controlled release within six days. The zeta potential of GO-PEG-oxacillin and penicillin was −13 mV and −11 mV, respectively. The composites showed much more activity against MRSA (80–85% inhibition) in comparison to GO-PEG (almost 0% inhibition) and pure antibiotics (40–45% inhibition). SEM images of MRSA treated with GO-PEG-antibiotics showed a deformation in the structure of bacterial cells, which led to the collapse of their intracellular components. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of utilizing the GO-based nanoplatforms in enhancing the antibacterial activity of the antibiotics. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:35:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1e3097f11f4e426688d5b772b47dc81e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:35:17Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj.art-1e3097f11f4e426688d5b772b47dc81e2023-11-24T01:54:43ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232022-09-011410204910.3390/pharmaceutics14102049Penicillin and Oxacillin Loaded on PEGylated-Graphene Oxide to Enhance the Activity of the Antibiotics against Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>Mohadeseh Mohammadi Tabar0Moj Khaleghi1Elham Bidram2Atefeh Zarepour3Ali Zarrabi4Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169-14111, IranDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169-14111, IranBiosensor Research Center, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, IranDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, TurkeyDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, TurkeyInfectious diseases are known as the second biggest cause of death worldwide, due to the development of antibiotic resistance. To overcome this problem, nanotechnology offers some promising approaches, such as drug delivery systems that can enhance drug efficiency. Herein, a Graphene Oxide-polyethylene glycol (GO-PEG) nano-platform was synthesized and penicillin and oxacillin, two antibiotics that are ineffective against Methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> (MRSA), were loaded on it to improve their effectiveness. The nanocomposites were characterized using FTIR, XRD, UV–Vis, FE-SEM/EDX, and Zeta potential analyses, followed by an evaluation of their antibacterial activity toward MRSA. Based on the results, drug loaded GO-PEG nanocomposites with loading efficiencies of 81% and 92% for penicillin and oxacillin, respectively, were successfully synthesized. They showed a controlled release within six days. The zeta potential of GO-PEG-oxacillin and penicillin was −13 mV and −11 mV, respectively. The composites showed much more activity against MRSA (80–85% inhibition) in comparison to GO-PEG (almost 0% inhibition) and pure antibiotics (40–45% inhibition). SEM images of MRSA treated with GO-PEG-antibiotics showed a deformation in the structure of bacterial cells, which led to the collapse of their intracellular components. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of utilizing the GO-based nanoplatforms in enhancing the antibacterial activity of the antibiotics.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/10/2049graphene oxideantibiotic resistancepenicillinoxacillinmethicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> |
| spellingShingle | Mohadeseh Mohammadi Tabar Moj Khaleghi Elham Bidram Atefeh Zarepour Ali Zarrabi Penicillin and Oxacillin Loaded on PEGylated-Graphene Oxide to Enhance the Activity of the Antibiotics against Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Pharmaceutics graphene oxide antibiotic resistance penicillin oxacillin methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> |
| title | Penicillin and Oxacillin Loaded on PEGylated-Graphene Oxide to Enhance the Activity of the Antibiotics against Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> |
| title_full | Penicillin and Oxacillin Loaded on PEGylated-Graphene Oxide to Enhance the Activity of the Antibiotics against Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> |
| title_fullStr | Penicillin and Oxacillin Loaded on PEGylated-Graphene Oxide to Enhance the Activity of the Antibiotics against Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Penicillin and Oxacillin Loaded on PEGylated-Graphene Oxide to Enhance the Activity of the Antibiotics against Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> |
| title_short | Penicillin and Oxacillin Loaded on PEGylated-Graphene Oxide to Enhance the Activity of the Antibiotics against Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> |
| title_sort | penicillin and oxacillin loaded on pegylated graphene oxide to enhance the activity of the antibiotics against methicillin resistant i staphylococcus aureus i |
| topic | graphene oxide antibiotic resistance penicillin oxacillin methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/10/2049 |
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