Fungal Fermented Palm Kernel Expeller as Feed for Black Soldier Fly Larvae in Producing Protein and Biodiesel
Being the second-largest country in the production of palm oil, Malaysia has a massive amount of palm kernel expeller (PKE) leftover. For that purpose, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are thus employed in this study to valorize the PKE waste. More specifically, this work elucidated the effects of th...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/8/4/332 |
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| author | Chin Seng Liew Chung Yiin Wong Eman A. Abdelfattah Ratchaprapa Raksasat Hemamalini Rawindran Jun Wei Lim Worapon Kiatkittipong Kunlanan Kiatkittipong Mardawani Mohamad Peter Nai Yuh Yek Herma Dina Setiabudi Chin Kui Cheng Su Shiung Lam |
| author_facet | Chin Seng Liew Chung Yiin Wong Eman A. Abdelfattah Ratchaprapa Raksasat Hemamalini Rawindran Jun Wei Lim Worapon Kiatkittipong Kunlanan Kiatkittipong Mardawani Mohamad Peter Nai Yuh Yek Herma Dina Setiabudi Chin Kui Cheng Su Shiung Lam |
| author_sort | Chin Seng Liew |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Being the second-largest country in the production of palm oil, Malaysia has a massive amount of palm kernel expeller (PKE) leftover. For that purpose, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are thus employed in this study to valorize the PKE waste. More specifically, this work elucidated the effects of the pre-fermentation of PKE via different amounts of <i>Rhizopus oligosporus</i> to enhance PKE palatability for the feeding of BSFL. The results showed that fermentation successfully enriched the raw PKE and thus contributed to the better growth of BSFL. BSFL grew to be 34% heavier at the optimum inoculum volume of 0.5 mL/10 g dry weight of PKE as compared to the control. Meanwhile, excessive fungal inoculum induced competition between BSFL and <i>R. oligosporus</i>, resulting in a reduction in BSFL weight. Under optimum feeding conditions, BSFL also registered the highest lipid yield (24.7%) and protein yield (44.5%). The biodiesel derived from BSFL lipid had also shown good compliance with the European biodiesel standard EN 14214. The high saturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) content (C12:0, C14:0, C16:0) in derived biodiesel made it highly oxidatively stable. Lastly, the superior degradation rate of PKE executed by BSFL further underpinned the sustainable conversion process in attaining valuable larval bioproducts. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:31:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1e55f4d2af054d18a032e2bb4742c376 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:31:30Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Fungi |
| spelling | doaj.art-1e55f4d2af054d18a032e2bb4742c3762023-12-03T13:34:20ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2022-03-018433210.3390/jof8040332Fungal Fermented Palm Kernel Expeller as Feed for Black Soldier Fly Larvae in Producing Protein and BiodieselChin Seng Liew0Chung Yiin Wong1Eman A. Abdelfattah2Ratchaprapa Raksasat3Hemamalini Rawindran4Jun Wei Lim5Worapon Kiatkittipong6Kunlanan Kiatkittipong7Mardawani Mohamad8Peter Nai Yuh Yek9Herma Dina Setiabudi10Chin Kui Cheng11Su Shiung Lam12Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, MalaysiaDepartment of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, MalaysiaEntomology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, EgyptDepartment of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, MalaysiaDepartment of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, MalaysiaDepartment of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, MalaysiaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, ThailandDepartment of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, ThailandFaculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, MalaysiaCentre for Research of Innovation and Sustainable Development, Department of Engineering and Technology, University College of Technology Sarawak, Sibu 96000, Sarawak, MalaysiaFaculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, College of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, MalaysiaCenter for Catalysis and Separation (CeCaS), Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab EmiratesHenan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-Added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, ChinaBeing the second-largest country in the production of palm oil, Malaysia has a massive amount of palm kernel expeller (PKE) leftover. For that purpose, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are thus employed in this study to valorize the PKE waste. More specifically, this work elucidated the effects of the pre-fermentation of PKE via different amounts of <i>Rhizopus oligosporus</i> to enhance PKE palatability for the feeding of BSFL. The results showed that fermentation successfully enriched the raw PKE and thus contributed to the better growth of BSFL. BSFL grew to be 34% heavier at the optimum inoculum volume of 0.5 mL/10 g dry weight of PKE as compared to the control. Meanwhile, excessive fungal inoculum induced competition between BSFL and <i>R. oligosporus</i>, resulting in a reduction in BSFL weight. Under optimum feeding conditions, BSFL also registered the highest lipid yield (24.7%) and protein yield (44.5%). The biodiesel derived from BSFL lipid had also shown good compliance with the European biodiesel standard EN 14214. The high saturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) content (C12:0, C14:0, C16:0) in derived biodiesel made it highly oxidatively stable. Lastly, the superior degradation rate of PKE executed by BSFL further underpinned the sustainable conversion process in attaining valuable larval bioproducts.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/8/4/332black soldier fly larvaepalm kernel expeller<i>Rhizopus oligosporus</i>fermentationproteinbiodiesel |
| spellingShingle | Chin Seng Liew Chung Yiin Wong Eman A. Abdelfattah Ratchaprapa Raksasat Hemamalini Rawindran Jun Wei Lim Worapon Kiatkittipong Kunlanan Kiatkittipong Mardawani Mohamad Peter Nai Yuh Yek Herma Dina Setiabudi Chin Kui Cheng Su Shiung Lam Fungal Fermented Palm Kernel Expeller as Feed for Black Soldier Fly Larvae in Producing Protein and Biodiesel Journal of Fungi black soldier fly larvae palm kernel expeller <i>Rhizopus oligosporus</i> fermentation protein biodiesel |
| title | Fungal Fermented Palm Kernel Expeller as Feed for Black Soldier Fly Larvae in Producing Protein and Biodiesel |
| title_full | Fungal Fermented Palm Kernel Expeller as Feed for Black Soldier Fly Larvae in Producing Protein and Biodiesel |
| title_fullStr | Fungal Fermented Palm Kernel Expeller as Feed for Black Soldier Fly Larvae in Producing Protein and Biodiesel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fungal Fermented Palm Kernel Expeller as Feed for Black Soldier Fly Larvae in Producing Protein and Biodiesel |
| title_short | Fungal Fermented Palm Kernel Expeller as Feed for Black Soldier Fly Larvae in Producing Protein and Biodiesel |
| title_sort | fungal fermented palm kernel expeller as feed for black soldier fly larvae in producing protein and biodiesel |
| topic | black soldier fly larvae palm kernel expeller <i>Rhizopus oligosporus</i> fermentation protein biodiesel |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/8/4/332 |
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