Additive Manufactured Poly(ε-caprolactone)-graphene Scaffolds: Lamellar Crystal Orientation, Mechanical Properties and Biological Performance
Understanding the mechano–biological coupling mechanisms of biomaterials for tissue engineering is of major importance to assure proper scaffold performance in situ. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to establish correlations between biomaterials, their processing conditions, and their mechan...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-04-01
|
| Series: | Polymers |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/9/1669 |
| _version_ | 1797503230974885888 |
|---|---|
| author | Sara Biscaia João C. Silva Carla Moura Tânia Viana Ana Tojeira Geoffrey R. Mitchell Paula Pascoal-Faria Frederico Castelo Ferreira Nuno Alves |
| author_facet | Sara Biscaia João C. Silva Carla Moura Tânia Viana Ana Tojeira Geoffrey R. Mitchell Paula Pascoal-Faria Frederico Castelo Ferreira Nuno Alves |
| author_sort | Sara Biscaia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Understanding the mechano–biological coupling mechanisms of biomaterials for tissue engineering is of major importance to assure proper scaffold performance in situ. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to establish correlations between biomaterials, their processing conditions, and their mechanical behaviour, as well as their biological performance. With this work, it was possible to infer a correlation between the addition of graphene nanoparticles (GPN) in a concentration of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) (GPN0.25, GPN0.5, and GPN0.75, respectively) in three-dimensional poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)-based scaffolds, the extrusion-based processing parameters, and the lamellar crystal orientation through small-angle X-ray scattering experiments of extruded samples of PCL and PCL/GPN. Results revealed a significant impact on the scaffold’s mechanical properties to a maximum of 0.5% of GPN content, with a significant improvement in the compressive modulus of 59 MPa to 93 MPa. In vitro cell culture experiments showed the scaffold’s ability to support the adhesion and proliferation of L929 fibroblasts (fold increase of 28, 22, 23, and 13 at day 13 (in relation to day 1) for PCL, GPN0.25, GPN0.5, and GPN0.75, respectively) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (seven-fold increase for all sample groups at day 21 in relation to day 1). Moreover, the cells maintained high viability, regular morphology, and migration capacity in all the different experimental groups, assuring the potential of PCL/GPN scaffolds for tissue engineering (TE) applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:47:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1e65b629cd5b4a38b9b6334268cf11ed |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:47:35Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-1e65b629cd5b4a38b9b6334268cf11ed2023-11-23T09:04:32ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602022-04-01149166910.3390/polym14091669Additive Manufactured Poly(ε-caprolactone)-graphene Scaffolds: Lamellar Crystal Orientation, Mechanical Properties and Biological PerformanceSara Biscaia0João C. Silva1Carla Moura2Tânia Viana3Ana Tojeira4Geoffrey R. Mitchell5Paula Pascoal-Faria6Frederico Castelo Ferreira7Nuno Alves8Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028 Leiria, PortugalCentre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028 Leiria, PortugalCentre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028 Leiria, PortugalCentre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028 Leiria, PortugalCentre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028 Leiria, PortugalCentre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028 Leiria, PortugalCentre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028 Leiria, PortugalDepartment of Bioengineering and IBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, PortugalCentre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028 Leiria, PortugalUnderstanding the mechano–biological coupling mechanisms of biomaterials for tissue engineering is of major importance to assure proper scaffold performance in situ. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to establish correlations between biomaterials, their processing conditions, and their mechanical behaviour, as well as their biological performance. With this work, it was possible to infer a correlation between the addition of graphene nanoparticles (GPN) in a concentration of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) (GPN0.25, GPN0.5, and GPN0.75, respectively) in three-dimensional poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)-based scaffolds, the extrusion-based processing parameters, and the lamellar crystal orientation through small-angle X-ray scattering experiments of extruded samples of PCL and PCL/GPN. Results revealed a significant impact on the scaffold’s mechanical properties to a maximum of 0.5% of GPN content, with a significant improvement in the compressive modulus of 59 MPa to 93 MPa. In vitro cell culture experiments showed the scaffold’s ability to support the adhesion and proliferation of L929 fibroblasts (fold increase of 28, 22, 23, and 13 at day 13 (in relation to day 1) for PCL, GPN0.25, GPN0.5, and GPN0.75, respectively) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (seven-fold increase for all sample groups at day 21 in relation to day 1). Moreover, the cells maintained high viability, regular morphology, and migration capacity in all the different experimental groups, assuring the potential of PCL/GPN scaffolds for tissue engineering (TE) applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/9/1669additive manufacturinggraphenelamellar crystal orientationmechanical propertiespoly(ε-caprolactone)tissue engineering |
| spellingShingle | Sara Biscaia João C. Silva Carla Moura Tânia Viana Ana Tojeira Geoffrey R. Mitchell Paula Pascoal-Faria Frederico Castelo Ferreira Nuno Alves Additive Manufactured Poly(ε-caprolactone)-graphene Scaffolds: Lamellar Crystal Orientation, Mechanical Properties and Biological Performance Polymers additive manufacturing graphene lamellar crystal orientation mechanical properties poly(ε-caprolactone) tissue engineering |
| title | Additive Manufactured Poly(ε-caprolactone)-graphene Scaffolds: Lamellar Crystal Orientation, Mechanical Properties and Biological Performance |
| title_full | Additive Manufactured Poly(ε-caprolactone)-graphene Scaffolds: Lamellar Crystal Orientation, Mechanical Properties and Biological Performance |
| title_fullStr | Additive Manufactured Poly(ε-caprolactone)-graphene Scaffolds: Lamellar Crystal Orientation, Mechanical Properties and Biological Performance |
| title_full_unstemmed | Additive Manufactured Poly(ε-caprolactone)-graphene Scaffolds: Lamellar Crystal Orientation, Mechanical Properties and Biological Performance |
| title_short | Additive Manufactured Poly(ε-caprolactone)-graphene Scaffolds: Lamellar Crystal Orientation, Mechanical Properties and Biological Performance |
| title_sort | additive manufactured poly ε caprolactone graphene scaffolds lamellar crystal orientation mechanical properties and biological performance |
| topic | additive manufacturing graphene lamellar crystal orientation mechanical properties poly(ε-caprolactone) tissue engineering |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/9/1669 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sarabiscaia additivemanufacturedpolyecaprolactonegraphenescaffoldslamellarcrystalorientationmechanicalpropertiesandbiologicalperformance AT joaocsilva additivemanufacturedpolyecaprolactonegraphenescaffoldslamellarcrystalorientationmechanicalpropertiesandbiologicalperformance AT carlamoura additivemanufacturedpolyecaprolactonegraphenescaffoldslamellarcrystalorientationmechanicalpropertiesandbiologicalperformance AT taniaviana additivemanufacturedpolyecaprolactonegraphenescaffoldslamellarcrystalorientationmechanicalpropertiesandbiologicalperformance AT anatojeira additivemanufacturedpolyecaprolactonegraphenescaffoldslamellarcrystalorientationmechanicalpropertiesandbiologicalperformance AT geoffreyrmitchell additivemanufacturedpolyecaprolactonegraphenescaffoldslamellarcrystalorientationmechanicalpropertiesandbiologicalperformance AT paulapascoalfaria additivemanufacturedpolyecaprolactonegraphenescaffoldslamellarcrystalorientationmechanicalpropertiesandbiologicalperformance AT fredericocasteloferreira additivemanufacturedpolyecaprolactonegraphenescaffoldslamellarcrystalorientationmechanicalpropertiesandbiologicalperformance AT nunoalves additivemanufacturedpolyecaprolactonegraphenescaffoldslamellarcrystalorientationmechanicalpropertiesandbiologicalperformance |