Composition, Antifungal, Phytotoxic, and Insecticidal Activities of <i>Thymus kotschyanus</i> Essential Oil
Essential oils (EOs) are some of the outstanding compounds found in <i>Thymus</i> that can exert antifungal, phytotoxic, and insecticidal activities, which encourage their exploration and potential use for agricultural and food purposes. The essential oils (EO) obtained from <i>Thy...
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MDPI AG
2020-03-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/5/1152 |
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| author | Ghader Ghasemi Abolfazl Alirezalu Youbert Ghosta Azadeh Jarrahi Seyed Ali Safavi Mahdi Abbas-Mohammadi Francisco J. Barba Paulo E. S. Munekata Rubén Domínguez José M. Lorenzo |
| author_facet | Ghader Ghasemi Abolfazl Alirezalu Youbert Ghosta Azadeh Jarrahi Seyed Ali Safavi Mahdi Abbas-Mohammadi Francisco J. Barba Paulo E. S. Munekata Rubén Domínguez José M. Lorenzo |
| author_sort | Ghader Ghasemi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Essential oils (EOs) are some of the outstanding compounds found in <i>Thymus</i> that can exert antifungal, phytotoxic, and insecticidal activities, which encourage their exploration and potential use for agricultural and food purposes. The essential oils (EO) obtained from <i>Thymus kotschyanus</i> collected in the East Azerbaijan Province (Iran) were characterized using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Thymol was the most important compound (60.48%), although 35 other active compounds were identified in the EO. Significant amounts of carvacrol (3.08%), <i>p</i>-cymene (5.56%), and γ-terpinene (6.67%) were found in the EO. The <i>T. kotschyanus</i> EO was tested against important phytopathogenic fungi (<i>Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus niger</i>, and <i>Penicillium expansum</i>). The antifungal assay showed that the use of ≥500 ppm of EO resulted in a fungicidal effect against all funguses tested. In a similar way, the use of ≥500 ppm of EO inhibited the germination of all crop weed seeds (<i>Amaranthus retroflexus</i> L. and <i>Panicum miliaceum</i> L.) and their subsequent growth, which demonstrated its herbicidal effect. Finally, the insecticidal capacity of <i>T. kotschyanus</i> EO was also observed against selected insects (<i>Oryzaephilus surinamensis</i> and <i>Sitophilus oryzae</i>). <i>O. surinamensis</i> was more susceptible to the effect of EO (LC<sub>50</sub> = 4.78 µL/L air) than <i>S. oryzae</i> (LC<sub>50</sub> = 13.20 µL/L air). The obtained results of the present study can provide new safe resources to the development of new products for the food, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-13T12:37:36Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-12-13T12:37:36Z |
| publishDate | 2020-03-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-1e9dcb3f5fd54e72974a942f2eb1d0b42022-12-21T23:45:46ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492020-03-01255115210.3390/molecules25051152molecules25051152Composition, Antifungal, Phytotoxic, and Insecticidal Activities of <i>Thymus kotschyanus</i> Essential OilGhader Ghasemi0Abolfazl Alirezalu1Youbert Ghosta2Azadeh Jarrahi3Seyed Ali Safavi4Mahdi Abbas-Mohammadi5Francisco J. Barba6Paulo E. S. Munekata7Rubén Domínguez8José M. Lorenzo9Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, IranDepartment of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, IranDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 165-5715944931, IranDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 165-5715944931, IranDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 165-5715944931, IranDepartment of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, IranNutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, SpainCentro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, rúa Galicia n° 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, 16 San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, SpainCentro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, rúa Galicia n° 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, 16 San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, SpainCentro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, rúa Galicia n° 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, 16 San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, SpainEssential oils (EOs) are some of the outstanding compounds found in <i>Thymus</i> that can exert antifungal, phytotoxic, and insecticidal activities, which encourage their exploration and potential use for agricultural and food purposes. The essential oils (EO) obtained from <i>Thymus kotschyanus</i> collected in the East Azerbaijan Province (Iran) were characterized using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Thymol was the most important compound (60.48%), although 35 other active compounds were identified in the EO. Significant amounts of carvacrol (3.08%), <i>p</i>-cymene (5.56%), and γ-terpinene (6.67%) were found in the EO. The <i>T. kotschyanus</i> EO was tested against important phytopathogenic fungi (<i>Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus niger</i>, and <i>Penicillium expansum</i>). The antifungal assay showed that the use of ≥500 ppm of EO resulted in a fungicidal effect against all funguses tested. In a similar way, the use of ≥500 ppm of EO inhibited the germination of all crop weed seeds (<i>Amaranthus retroflexus</i> L. and <i>Panicum miliaceum</i> L.) and their subsequent growth, which demonstrated its herbicidal effect. Finally, the insecticidal capacity of <i>T. kotschyanus</i> EO was also observed against selected insects (<i>Oryzaephilus surinamensis</i> and <i>Sitophilus oryzae</i>). <i>O. surinamensis</i> was more susceptible to the effect of EO (LC<sub>50</sub> = 4.78 µL/L air) than <i>S. oryzae</i> (LC<sub>50</sub> = 13.20 µL/L air). The obtained results of the present study can provide new safe resources to the development of new products for the food, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/5/1152monoterpenesthymolγ-terpenecrop pestspost-harvest management |
| spellingShingle | Ghader Ghasemi Abolfazl Alirezalu Youbert Ghosta Azadeh Jarrahi Seyed Ali Safavi Mahdi Abbas-Mohammadi Francisco J. Barba Paulo E. S. Munekata Rubén Domínguez José M. Lorenzo Composition, Antifungal, Phytotoxic, and Insecticidal Activities of <i>Thymus kotschyanus</i> Essential Oil Molecules monoterpenes thymol γ-terpene crop pests post-harvest management |
| title | Composition, Antifungal, Phytotoxic, and Insecticidal Activities of <i>Thymus kotschyanus</i> Essential Oil |
| title_full | Composition, Antifungal, Phytotoxic, and Insecticidal Activities of <i>Thymus kotschyanus</i> Essential Oil |
| title_fullStr | Composition, Antifungal, Phytotoxic, and Insecticidal Activities of <i>Thymus kotschyanus</i> Essential Oil |
| title_full_unstemmed | Composition, Antifungal, Phytotoxic, and Insecticidal Activities of <i>Thymus kotschyanus</i> Essential Oil |
| title_short | Composition, Antifungal, Phytotoxic, and Insecticidal Activities of <i>Thymus kotschyanus</i> Essential Oil |
| title_sort | composition antifungal phytotoxic and insecticidal activities of i thymus kotschyanus i essential oil |
| topic | monoterpenes thymol γ-terpene crop pests post-harvest management |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/5/1152 |
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