Antimicrobial Activity of Chemically and Biologically Treated Chitosan Prepared from Black Soldier Fly (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) Pupal Shell Waste
Globally, the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of chitin and chitosan has been widely documented. However, very little research attention has focused on chitin and chitosan extracted from black soldier fly pupal exuviae, which are abundantly present as byproducts from insect-farming enterprises...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-11-01
|
| Series: | Microorganisms |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/12/2417 |
| _version_ | 1797502364301656064 |
|---|---|
| author | Mevin Kiprotich Lagat Samuel Were Francis Ndwigah Violah Jepkogei Kemboi Carolyne Kipkoech Chrysantus Mbi Tanga |
| author_facet | Mevin Kiprotich Lagat Samuel Were Francis Ndwigah Violah Jepkogei Kemboi Carolyne Kipkoech Chrysantus Mbi Tanga |
| author_sort | Mevin Kiprotich Lagat |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Globally, the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of chitin and chitosan has been widely documented. However, very little research attention has focused on chitin and chitosan extracted from black soldier fly pupal exuviae, which are abundantly present as byproducts from insect-farming enterprises. This study presents the first comparative analysis of chemical and biological extraction of chitin and chitosan from BSF pupal exuviae. The antibacterial activity of chitosan was also evaluated. For chemical extraction, demineralization and deproteinization were carried out using 1 M hydrochloric acid at 100 °C for 2 h and 1 M NaOH for 4 h at 100 °C, respectively. Biological chitin extraction was carried out by protease-producing bacteria and lactic-acid-producing bacteria for protein and mineral removal, respectively. The extracted chitin was converted to chitosan via deacetylation using 40% NaOH for 8 h at 100 °C. Chitin characterization was done using FTIR spectroscopy, while the antimicrobial properties were determined using the disc diffusion method. Chemical and biological extraction gave a chitin yield of 10.18% and 11.85%, respectively. A maximum chitosan yield of 6.58% was achieved via chemical treatment. From the FTIR results, biological and chemical chitin showed characteristic chitin peaks at 1650 and 1550 cm<sup>−1</sup><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">—</span>wavenumbers corresponding to amide I stretching and amide II bending, respectively. There was significant growth inhibition for <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i><i>,</i><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i><i>,</i><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, and <i>Candida albicans</i> when subjected to 2.5 and 5% concentrations of chitosan. Our findings demonstrate that chitosan from BSF pupal exuviae could be a promising and novel therapeutic agent for drug development against resistant strains of bacteria. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:32:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1ede47e1ef4d4dab8bbaae31439478a3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:32:03Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-1ede47e1ef4d4dab8bbaae31439478a32023-11-23T09:37:39ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072021-11-01912241710.3390/microorganisms9122417Antimicrobial Activity of Chemically and Biologically Treated Chitosan Prepared from Black Soldier Fly (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) Pupal Shell WasteMevin Kiprotich Lagat0Samuel Were1Francis Ndwigah2Violah Jepkogei Kemboi3Carolyne Kipkoech4Chrysantus Mbi Tanga5Department of Botany, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-02000, KenyaDepartment of Botany, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-02000, KenyaDepartment of Botany, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-02000, KenyaDepartment of Botany, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-02000, KenyaDepartment of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-02000, KenyaInternational Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (<i>icipe</i>), Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, KenyaGlobally, the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of chitin and chitosan has been widely documented. However, very little research attention has focused on chitin and chitosan extracted from black soldier fly pupal exuviae, which are abundantly present as byproducts from insect-farming enterprises. This study presents the first comparative analysis of chemical and biological extraction of chitin and chitosan from BSF pupal exuviae. The antibacterial activity of chitosan was also evaluated. For chemical extraction, demineralization and deproteinization were carried out using 1 M hydrochloric acid at 100 °C for 2 h and 1 M NaOH for 4 h at 100 °C, respectively. Biological chitin extraction was carried out by protease-producing bacteria and lactic-acid-producing bacteria for protein and mineral removal, respectively. The extracted chitin was converted to chitosan via deacetylation using 40% NaOH for 8 h at 100 °C. Chitin characterization was done using FTIR spectroscopy, while the antimicrobial properties were determined using the disc diffusion method. Chemical and biological extraction gave a chitin yield of 10.18% and 11.85%, respectively. A maximum chitosan yield of 6.58% was achieved via chemical treatment. From the FTIR results, biological and chemical chitin showed characteristic chitin peaks at 1650 and 1550 cm<sup>−1</sup><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">—</span>wavenumbers corresponding to amide I stretching and amide II bending, respectively. There was significant growth inhibition for <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i><i>,</i><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i><i>,</i><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, and <i>Candida albicans</i> when subjected to 2.5 and 5% concentrations of chitosan. Our findings demonstrate that chitosan from BSF pupal exuviae could be a promising and novel therapeutic agent for drug development against resistant strains of bacteria.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/12/2417insects<i>Hermetia illucens</i>pupal exuviaechitinchitosanantimicrobial activity keyword |
| spellingShingle | Mevin Kiprotich Lagat Samuel Were Francis Ndwigah Violah Jepkogei Kemboi Carolyne Kipkoech Chrysantus Mbi Tanga Antimicrobial Activity of Chemically and Biologically Treated Chitosan Prepared from Black Soldier Fly (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) Pupal Shell Waste Microorganisms insects <i>Hermetia illucens</i> pupal exuviae chitin chitosan antimicrobial activity keyword |
| title | Antimicrobial Activity of Chemically and Biologically Treated Chitosan Prepared from Black Soldier Fly (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) Pupal Shell Waste |
| title_full | Antimicrobial Activity of Chemically and Biologically Treated Chitosan Prepared from Black Soldier Fly (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) Pupal Shell Waste |
| title_fullStr | Antimicrobial Activity of Chemically and Biologically Treated Chitosan Prepared from Black Soldier Fly (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) Pupal Shell Waste |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antimicrobial Activity of Chemically and Biologically Treated Chitosan Prepared from Black Soldier Fly (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) Pupal Shell Waste |
| title_short | Antimicrobial Activity of Chemically and Biologically Treated Chitosan Prepared from Black Soldier Fly (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) Pupal Shell Waste |
| title_sort | antimicrobial activity of chemically and biologically treated chitosan prepared from black soldier fly i hermetia illucens i pupal shell waste |
| topic | insects <i>Hermetia illucens</i> pupal exuviae chitin chitosan antimicrobial activity keyword |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/12/2417 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mevinkiprotichlagat antimicrobialactivityofchemicallyandbiologicallytreatedchitosanpreparedfromblacksoldierflyihermetiaillucensipupalshellwaste AT samuelwere antimicrobialactivityofchemicallyandbiologicallytreatedchitosanpreparedfromblacksoldierflyihermetiaillucensipupalshellwaste AT francisndwigah antimicrobialactivityofchemicallyandbiologicallytreatedchitosanpreparedfromblacksoldierflyihermetiaillucensipupalshellwaste AT violahjepkogeikemboi antimicrobialactivityofchemicallyandbiologicallytreatedchitosanpreparedfromblacksoldierflyihermetiaillucensipupalshellwaste AT carolynekipkoech antimicrobialactivityofchemicallyandbiologicallytreatedchitosanpreparedfromblacksoldierflyihermetiaillucensipupalshellwaste AT chrysantusmbitanga antimicrobialactivityofchemicallyandbiologicallytreatedchitosanpreparedfromblacksoldierflyihermetiaillucensipupalshellwaste |