Neurotoxic Syndromes in Marine Poisonings a Review
Background: Marine neurotoxins as of Marine biotoxins are natural toxins that produced mainly by dinoflagellates, diatoms and several species of invertebrates and fish. Marine poisoning results from the ingestion of marine animals contain these toxins and causes considerable adverse effects. Materia...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Bushehr University of Medical Sciences
2014-08-01
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| Series: | Iranian South Medical Journal |
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| Online Access: | http://ismj.bpums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-3-475&slc_lang=en&sid=1 |
| _version_ | 1818114278122586112 |
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| author | Gholam Hossein Mohebbi Iraj Nabipour Amir Vazirizadeh |
| author_facet | Gholam Hossein Mohebbi Iraj Nabipour Amir Vazirizadeh |
| author_sort | Gholam Hossein Mohebbi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Marine neurotoxins as of Marine biotoxins are natural toxins that produced mainly by dinoflagellates, diatoms and several species of invertebrates and fish. Marine poisoning results from the ingestion of marine animals contain these toxins and causes considerable adverse effects. Materials and methods: This review provides some facts about the structures of marine neurotoxins, their molecular target and pharmacology, analytical methods for their detection and quantitation, diagnosis and laboratory testing, clinical manifestations, as well as prevention and treatment, if were obtainable. Furthermore, we focus on marine poisoning and various associated neurological syndromes like ciguatera, tetrodotoxin poisoning, and paralytic shellfish poisoning, after ingestion of the common marine toxins. Results: A number of neurotoxins that prescribed according to their potency (LD50) are: Maitotoxin, Ciguatoxins and Palytoxin, Tetrodotoxin and Saxitoxin, Brevetoxins, Azaspiracid, Yessotoxin, Cooliatoxin, Domoic acid and Conotoxins, Respectively. The primary target of most marine neurotoxins is voltage gated sodium channels and the resulting block of ion conductance through these channels. Moreover, these compounds interact with voltage-gated potassium and calcium channels and modulate the flux of stated ions into many cell types. As well, the target recognized for palytoxin is the Na+- K+ /ATPase. Conclusion: Results of reviewed studies revealed that, the Ciguatera is the commonest syndrome of marine poisoning, but is rarely lethal. Puffer fish poisoning results from the ingestion of fish containing tetrodotoxin and paralytic shellfish poisoning are less common, but have a higher fatality rate than ciguatera. Despite their high toxicity, no much research has been done on some of the toxins, like maitotoxin. In addition, there have remained unknown the pharmacological effects, mechanism of action and molecular target of some toxins such as Cooliatoxin and Ostreotoxins, Which could be the subject of the research in Future, or perhaps a new generation of drugs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T03:48:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1ef439d65f9e4da58138c4ec7a809207 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1735-4374 1735-6954 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T03:48:11Z |
| publishDate | 2014-08-01 |
| publisher | Bushehr University of Medical Sciences |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Iranian South Medical Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-1ef439d65f9e4da58138c4ec7a8092072022-12-22T01:21:57ZengBushehr University of Medical SciencesIranian South Medical Journal1735-43741735-69542014-08-01173451475Neurotoxic Syndromes in Marine Poisonings a ReviewGholam Hossein Mohebbi0Iraj Nabipour1Amir Vazirizadeh2 Background: Marine neurotoxins as of Marine biotoxins are natural toxins that produced mainly by dinoflagellates, diatoms and several species of invertebrates and fish. Marine poisoning results from the ingestion of marine animals contain these toxins and causes considerable adverse effects. Materials and methods: This review provides some facts about the structures of marine neurotoxins, their molecular target and pharmacology, analytical methods for their detection and quantitation, diagnosis and laboratory testing, clinical manifestations, as well as prevention and treatment, if were obtainable. Furthermore, we focus on marine poisoning and various associated neurological syndromes like ciguatera, tetrodotoxin poisoning, and paralytic shellfish poisoning, after ingestion of the common marine toxins. Results: A number of neurotoxins that prescribed according to their potency (LD50) are: Maitotoxin, Ciguatoxins and Palytoxin, Tetrodotoxin and Saxitoxin, Brevetoxins, Azaspiracid, Yessotoxin, Cooliatoxin, Domoic acid and Conotoxins, Respectively. The primary target of most marine neurotoxins is voltage gated sodium channels and the resulting block of ion conductance through these channels. Moreover, these compounds interact with voltage-gated potassium and calcium channels and modulate the flux of stated ions into many cell types. As well, the target recognized for palytoxin is the Na+- K+ /ATPase. Conclusion: Results of reviewed studies revealed that, the Ciguatera is the commonest syndrome of marine poisoning, but is rarely lethal. Puffer fish poisoning results from the ingestion of fish containing tetrodotoxin and paralytic shellfish poisoning are less common, but have a higher fatality rate than ciguatera. Despite their high toxicity, no much research has been done on some of the toxins, like maitotoxin. In addition, there have remained unknown the pharmacological effects, mechanism of action and molecular target of some toxins such as Cooliatoxin and Ostreotoxins, Which could be the subject of the research in Future, or perhaps a new generation of drugs.http://ismj.bpums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-3-475&slc_lang=en&sid=1Marine neurotoxins Neurotoxic syndromes Voltage gated channels Clinical manifestations. |
| spellingShingle | Gholam Hossein Mohebbi Iraj Nabipour Amir Vazirizadeh Neurotoxic Syndromes in Marine Poisonings a Review Iranian South Medical Journal Marine neurotoxins Neurotoxic syndromes Voltage gated channels Clinical manifestations. |
| title | Neurotoxic Syndromes in Marine Poisonings a Review |
| title_full | Neurotoxic Syndromes in Marine Poisonings a Review |
| title_fullStr | Neurotoxic Syndromes in Marine Poisonings a Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neurotoxic Syndromes in Marine Poisonings a Review |
| title_short | Neurotoxic Syndromes in Marine Poisonings a Review |
| title_sort | neurotoxic syndromes in marine poisonings a review |
| topic | Marine neurotoxins Neurotoxic syndromes Voltage gated channels Clinical manifestations. |
| url | http://ismj.bpums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-3-475&slc_lang=en&sid=1 |
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