The Effect of Deep Placement of Basal Nitrogen Fertilizer on Gaseous Nitrogen Losses and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Paddy Fields under Water-Saving Irrigation in Northeast China
As a widely implemented irrigation regime for paddy fields, water-saving irrigation (WSI) is capable of ensuring water resource security and improving nitrogen use efficiency (<i>NUE</i>). Higher gaseous nitrogen losses (<i>GNL</i>) lead to a low recovery rate of basal nitrog...
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/3/842 |
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| author | Tiecheng Li Zhongxue Zhang Peng Chen Zhijuan Qi Tangzhe Nie Zuohe Zhang Di Sun Sicheng Du Xin Zhou |
| author_facet | Tiecheng Li Zhongxue Zhang Peng Chen Zhijuan Qi Tangzhe Nie Zuohe Zhang Di Sun Sicheng Du Xin Zhou |
| author_sort | Tiecheng Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As a widely implemented irrigation regime for paddy fields, water-saving irrigation (WSI) is capable of ensuring water resource security and improving nitrogen use efficiency (<i>NUE</i>). Higher gaseous nitrogen losses (<i>GNL</i>) lead to a low recovery rate of basal nitrogen, and this is the primary reason that restricts further improvements in the <i>NUE</i> under WSI. The deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer (DPN) is considered an efficient agricultural management measure to reduce <i>GNL</i>. However, the effects of WSI combined with the deep placement of basal nitrogen fertilizer on <i>NUE</i>, <i>GNL,</i> and rice yield in paddy fields remain largely unknown. In this study, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to measure <i>GNL</i> (N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and NH<sub>3</sub> volatilization), <i>NUE</i>, and rice yield. Four treatments were utilized: (i) conventional flooding irrigation + broadcast of nitrogen fertilizer (110 kg N hm<sup>−2</sup>, CFN); (ii) water-saving irrigation + deep placement of basal nitrogen fertilizer (110 kg N hm<sup>−2</sup>, WSN); (iii) water-saving irrigation + deep placement of basal nitrogen fertilizer (99 kg N hm<sup>−2</sup>, WSN1); (iv) water-saving irrigation + deep placement of basal nitrogen fertilizer (88 kg N hm<sup>−2</sup>, WSN2). The results showed that the <i>GNL</i> in paddy fields under treatment ranged from 5.29 to 10.67 kg hm<sup>−2</sup>. Deep placement of basal nitrogen fertilizer mitigated the <i>GNL</i> of the paddy fields under WSI. The <i>GNL</i> of CFN was significantly higher than those of WSN1 and WSN2 by 26.9% and 54.0% in 2021 and 14.4% and 23.3% in 2022, respectively (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Under WSI, the deep placement of basal nitrogen fertilizer reduced the <i>GNL</i> primarily via the reduction of NH<sub>3</sub> volatilization. <i>NH<sub>3</sub>-N</i> of CFN was higher than those treatments under WSI. The rice yield of CFN was significantly lower than those of WSN and WSN1 by 22.4% and 21.6% in 2021 and 4.6% and 1.5% in 2022, respectively. (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Moreover, the <i>NUE</i> of each treatment under WSI was higher than that of CFN. These changes exhibited similar trends in 2021 and 2022. These results demonstrated that deep placement of basal nitrogen fertilizer is an effective practice to ensure food and environmental security under WSI. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-1f1402731dfe4f339c9adbb90905ee0b2023-11-17T09:07:00ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952023-03-0113384210.3390/agronomy13030842The Effect of Deep Placement of Basal Nitrogen Fertilizer on Gaseous Nitrogen Losses and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Paddy Fields under Water-Saving Irrigation in Northeast ChinaTiecheng Li0Zhongxue Zhang1Peng Chen2Zhijuan Qi3Tangzhe Nie4Zuohe Zhang5Di Sun6Sicheng Du7Xin Zhou8School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, ChinaSchool of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, ChinaCollege of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, ChinaSchool of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, ChinaSchool of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150006, ChinaCollege of Agriculture and Hydraulic Engineering, Suihua University, Suihua 152001, ChinaSchool of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, ChinaSchool of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, ChinaSchool of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, ChinaAs a widely implemented irrigation regime for paddy fields, water-saving irrigation (WSI) is capable of ensuring water resource security and improving nitrogen use efficiency (<i>NUE</i>). Higher gaseous nitrogen losses (<i>GNL</i>) lead to a low recovery rate of basal nitrogen, and this is the primary reason that restricts further improvements in the <i>NUE</i> under WSI. The deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer (DPN) is considered an efficient agricultural management measure to reduce <i>GNL</i>. However, the effects of WSI combined with the deep placement of basal nitrogen fertilizer on <i>NUE</i>, <i>GNL,</i> and rice yield in paddy fields remain largely unknown. In this study, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to measure <i>GNL</i> (N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and NH<sub>3</sub> volatilization), <i>NUE</i>, and rice yield. Four treatments were utilized: (i) conventional flooding irrigation + broadcast of nitrogen fertilizer (110 kg N hm<sup>−2</sup>, CFN); (ii) water-saving irrigation + deep placement of basal nitrogen fertilizer (110 kg N hm<sup>−2</sup>, WSN); (iii) water-saving irrigation + deep placement of basal nitrogen fertilizer (99 kg N hm<sup>−2</sup>, WSN1); (iv) water-saving irrigation + deep placement of basal nitrogen fertilizer (88 kg N hm<sup>−2</sup>, WSN2). The results showed that the <i>GNL</i> in paddy fields under treatment ranged from 5.29 to 10.67 kg hm<sup>−2</sup>. Deep placement of basal nitrogen fertilizer mitigated the <i>GNL</i> of the paddy fields under WSI. The <i>GNL</i> of CFN was significantly higher than those of WSN1 and WSN2 by 26.9% and 54.0% in 2021 and 14.4% and 23.3% in 2022, respectively (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Under WSI, the deep placement of basal nitrogen fertilizer reduced the <i>GNL</i> primarily via the reduction of NH<sub>3</sub> volatilization. <i>NH<sub>3</sub>-N</i> of CFN was higher than those treatments under WSI. The rice yield of CFN was significantly lower than those of WSN and WSN1 by 22.4% and 21.6% in 2021 and 4.6% and 1.5% in 2022, respectively. (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Moreover, the <i>NUE</i> of each treatment under WSI was higher than that of CFN. These changes exhibited similar trends in 2021 and 2022. These results demonstrated that deep placement of basal nitrogen fertilizer is an effective practice to ensure food and environmental security under WSI.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/3/842irrigation regimedeep placement nitrogengaseous nitrogen lossesnitrogen use efficiencyrice yield |
| spellingShingle | Tiecheng Li Zhongxue Zhang Peng Chen Zhijuan Qi Tangzhe Nie Zuohe Zhang Di Sun Sicheng Du Xin Zhou The Effect of Deep Placement of Basal Nitrogen Fertilizer on Gaseous Nitrogen Losses and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Paddy Fields under Water-Saving Irrigation in Northeast China Agronomy irrigation regime deep placement nitrogen gaseous nitrogen losses nitrogen use efficiency rice yield |
| title | The Effect of Deep Placement of Basal Nitrogen Fertilizer on Gaseous Nitrogen Losses and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Paddy Fields under Water-Saving Irrigation in Northeast China |
| title_full | The Effect of Deep Placement of Basal Nitrogen Fertilizer on Gaseous Nitrogen Losses and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Paddy Fields under Water-Saving Irrigation in Northeast China |
| title_fullStr | The Effect of Deep Placement of Basal Nitrogen Fertilizer on Gaseous Nitrogen Losses and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Paddy Fields under Water-Saving Irrigation in Northeast China |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effect of Deep Placement of Basal Nitrogen Fertilizer on Gaseous Nitrogen Losses and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Paddy Fields under Water-Saving Irrigation in Northeast China |
| title_short | The Effect of Deep Placement of Basal Nitrogen Fertilizer on Gaseous Nitrogen Losses and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Paddy Fields under Water-Saving Irrigation in Northeast China |
| title_sort | effect of deep placement of basal nitrogen fertilizer on gaseous nitrogen losses and nitrogen use efficiency of paddy fields under water saving irrigation in northeast china |
| topic | irrigation regime deep placement nitrogen gaseous nitrogen losses nitrogen use efficiency rice yield |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/3/842 |
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