Prognostic model of immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with anti-angiogenic agents in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
BackgroundThe combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and anti-angiogenic agents has shown promising efficacy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but until now no clinical prognostic models or predictive biomarkers have been established.MethodsFrom 2016 to 2021, a total of 258...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1060051/full |
| _version_ | 1797988051995066368 |
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| author | Xiaomi Li Wei Sun Xiaoyan Ding Wei Li Jinglong Chen |
| author_facet | Xiaomi Li Wei Sun Xiaoyan Ding Wei Li Jinglong Chen |
| author_sort | Xiaomi Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundThe combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and anti-angiogenic agents has shown promising efficacy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but until now no clinical prognostic models or predictive biomarkers have been established.MethodsFrom 2016 to 2021, a total of 258 HCCs treated with ICIs and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were retrospectively enrolled, as the study cohort. Patients’ baseline data was extracted by least absolute and shrinkage selection operator (LASSO) and Cox regression. Finally, a prognostic model in the form of nomogram was developed. Model performance was assessed in terms of discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility. A 5-fold cross-validation was used to evaluate the internal repeatability of the model. In addition, the patient cohort was divided into three subgroups according to nomogram scores. Their survivals were estimated by Kaplan-Meier methods and the differences were analyzed using log-rank tests.ResultsSeven clinical parameters were selected: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS), combination of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), extrahepatic metastasis (EHM), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and Child-Pugh score. The model had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.777 at 1 year and 0.772 at 2 years. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve and decision curve analysis (DCA) showed that the discrimination, consistency and applicability of the model were good. In addition, cross-validation validated the discrimination of the model, and the C index value of the model is 0.7405. The median overall survival (OS) of the high-, medium- and low-risk subgroups was 7.58, 17.50 and 53.17 months, respectively, with a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.0001).ConclusionWe developed a comprehensive and simple prognostic model for the combination of ICIs plus TKIs. And it may predict the efficacy of the combination regimen for unresectable HCC. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T07:56:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1f50da481ffa46f8a1b90b839fe66550 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T07:56:44Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-1f50da481ffa46f8a1b90b839fe665502022-12-22T04:35:54ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242022-12-011310.3389/fimmu.2022.10600511060051Prognostic model of immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with anti-angiogenic agents in unresectable hepatocellular carcinomaXiaomi LiWei SunXiaoyan DingWei LiJinglong ChenBackgroundThe combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and anti-angiogenic agents has shown promising efficacy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but until now no clinical prognostic models or predictive biomarkers have been established.MethodsFrom 2016 to 2021, a total of 258 HCCs treated with ICIs and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were retrospectively enrolled, as the study cohort. Patients’ baseline data was extracted by least absolute and shrinkage selection operator (LASSO) and Cox regression. Finally, a prognostic model in the form of nomogram was developed. Model performance was assessed in terms of discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility. A 5-fold cross-validation was used to evaluate the internal repeatability of the model. In addition, the patient cohort was divided into three subgroups according to nomogram scores. Their survivals were estimated by Kaplan-Meier methods and the differences were analyzed using log-rank tests.ResultsSeven clinical parameters were selected: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS), combination of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), extrahepatic metastasis (EHM), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and Child-Pugh score. The model had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.777 at 1 year and 0.772 at 2 years. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve and decision curve analysis (DCA) showed that the discrimination, consistency and applicability of the model were good. In addition, cross-validation validated the discrimination of the model, and the C index value of the model is 0.7405. The median overall survival (OS) of the high-, medium- and low-risk subgroups was 7.58, 17.50 and 53.17 months, respectively, with a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.0001).ConclusionWe developed a comprehensive and simple prognostic model for the combination of ICIs plus TKIs. And it may predict the efficacy of the combination regimen for unresectable HCC.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1060051/fullhepatocellular carcinomaimmune checkpoint inhibitorsanti-angiogenic agentspredictive modelplatelet to lymphocyte ratioalpha-fetoprotein |
| spellingShingle | Xiaomi Li Wei Sun Xiaoyan Ding Wei Li Jinglong Chen Prognostic model of immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with anti-angiogenic agents in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma Frontiers in Immunology hepatocellular carcinoma immune checkpoint inhibitors anti-angiogenic agents predictive model platelet to lymphocyte ratio alpha-fetoprotein |
| title | Prognostic model of immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with anti-angiogenic agents in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma |
| title_full | Prognostic model of immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with anti-angiogenic agents in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma |
| title_fullStr | Prognostic model of immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with anti-angiogenic agents in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prognostic model of immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with anti-angiogenic agents in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma |
| title_short | Prognostic model of immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with anti-angiogenic agents in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma |
| title_sort | prognostic model of immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with anti angiogenic agents in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma |
| topic | hepatocellular carcinoma immune checkpoint inhibitors anti-angiogenic agents predictive model platelet to lymphocyte ratio alpha-fetoprotein |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1060051/full |
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