Modification of contact avoidance behaviour associated with pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae)
Abstract Background Anopheles sinensis is the primary vector of vivax malaria in China and its control is under great threat as the development of insecticide resistance. In contrast to physiological resistance, there is no report of behavioural modifications of resistant An. sinensis after long-ter...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2019-04-01
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| Series: | Malaria Journal |
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| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12936-019-2765-3 |
| _version_ | 1818065180570943488 |
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| author | Zhengbo He Jing Zhang Zongpan Shi Jingang Liu Jingjing Zhang Zhentian Yan Bin Chen |
| author_facet | Zhengbo He Jing Zhang Zongpan Shi Jingang Liu Jingjing Zhang Zhentian Yan Bin Chen |
| author_sort | Zhengbo He |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Anopheles sinensis is the primary vector of vivax malaria in China and its control is under great threat as the development of insecticide resistance. In contrast to physiological resistance, there is no report of behavioural modifications of resistant An. sinensis after long-term insecticide use, despite their huge potential impact on malaria transmission. Methods Larvae or pupae of An. sinensis were collected from Yuanyang, Bishan, and Wuhe counties from southwestern to eastern China. Resistance to deltamethrin was assayed using the standard World Health Organization (WHO) susceptibility test. The frequency distribution of the kdr allele of the para-type sodium channel gene was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and DNA sequencing. Contact repellency to deltamethrin-impregnated bed nets was evaluated using a modified WHO cone bioassay. Results All contemporary field populations for all three geographic locations were resistant to deltamethrin, with mortality ranging from 6.00 to 26.79%. Three kdr genotypes with either an L1014F or L1014C substitution with frequencies of 76.10–100% were identified in the Bishan and Wuhe populations, but no kdr mutations were detected in the Yuanyang samples despite high phenotypic resistance. The susceptible mosquitoes exhibited significantly longer flying time and more takeoffs on deltamethrin-treated bed nets (DTN) than on untreated bed nets (UTN), suggestive of robust avoidance behaviour. However, no significant increases in the frequency of takeoffs or flying time were observed in deltamethrin-resistant An. sinensis populations when exposed on DTNs, regardless of the presence of a kdr mutation. Moreover, the first takeoff from DTNs by resistant mosquitoes significantly lagged behind compared to susceptible mosquitoes. Conclusion The An. sinensis populations were highly resistant to deltamethrin and exhibited decreased avoidance behaviour. Behavioural modification significantly associated with deltamethrin resistance, but not directly related to the presence of kdr mutations, indicating that there are additional factors contributing to the changes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T14:47:48Z |
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| id | doaj.art-1f8fb65d78654c22a9c04c30b88eb235 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1475-2875 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T14:47:48Z |
| publishDate | 2019-04-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Malaria Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-1f8fb65d78654c22a9c04c30b88eb2352022-12-22T01:44:31ZengBMCMalaria Journal1475-28752019-04-0118111110.1186/s12936-019-2765-3Modification of contact avoidance behaviour associated with pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae)Zhengbo He0Jing Zhang1Zongpan Shi2Jingang Liu3Jingjing Zhang4Zhentian Yan5Bin Chen6Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal UniversityChongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal UniversityChongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal UniversityChongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal UniversityChongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal UniversityChongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal UniversityChongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal UniversityAbstract Background Anopheles sinensis is the primary vector of vivax malaria in China and its control is under great threat as the development of insecticide resistance. In contrast to physiological resistance, there is no report of behavioural modifications of resistant An. sinensis after long-term insecticide use, despite their huge potential impact on malaria transmission. Methods Larvae or pupae of An. sinensis were collected from Yuanyang, Bishan, and Wuhe counties from southwestern to eastern China. Resistance to deltamethrin was assayed using the standard World Health Organization (WHO) susceptibility test. The frequency distribution of the kdr allele of the para-type sodium channel gene was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and DNA sequencing. Contact repellency to deltamethrin-impregnated bed nets was evaluated using a modified WHO cone bioassay. Results All contemporary field populations for all three geographic locations were resistant to deltamethrin, with mortality ranging from 6.00 to 26.79%. Three kdr genotypes with either an L1014F or L1014C substitution with frequencies of 76.10–100% were identified in the Bishan and Wuhe populations, but no kdr mutations were detected in the Yuanyang samples despite high phenotypic resistance. The susceptible mosquitoes exhibited significantly longer flying time and more takeoffs on deltamethrin-treated bed nets (DTN) than on untreated bed nets (UTN), suggestive of robust avoidance behaviour. However, no significant increases in the frequency of takeoffs or flying time were observed in deltamethrin-resistant An. sinensis populations when exposed on DTNs, regardless of the presence of a kdr mutation. Moreover, the first takeoff from DTNs by resistant mosquitoes significantly lagged behind compared to susceptible mosquitoes. Conclusion The An. sinensis populations were highly resistant to deltamethrin and exhibited decreased avoidance behaviour. Behavioural modification significantly associated with deltamethrin resistance, but not directly related to the presence of kdr mutations, indicating that there are additional factors contributing to the changes.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12936-019-2765-3Anopheles sinensisBehavioral modificationsResistanceDeltamethrin |
| spellingShingle | Zhengbo He Jing Zhang Zongpan Shi Jingang Liu Jingjing Zhang Zhentian Yan Bin Chen Modification of contact avoidance behaviour associated with pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) Malaria Journal Anopheles sinensis Behavioral modifications Resistance Deltamethrin |
| title | Modification of contact avoidance behaviour associated with pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) |
| title_full | Modification of contact avoidance behaviour associated with pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) |
| title_fullStr | Modification of contact avoidance behaviour associated with pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modification of contact avoidance behaviour associated with pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) |
| title_short | Modification of contact avoidance behaviour associated with pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) |
| title_sort | modification of contact avoidance behaviour associated with pyrethroid resistance in anopheles sinensis diptera culicidae |
| topic | Anopheles sinensis Behavioral modifications Resistance Deltamethrin |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12936-019-2765-3 |
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