Formation of Annual Ring Eccentricity in Coarse Roots within the Root Cage of <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> Growing on Slopes
The coarse roots of <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> included in the cage are the ones most involved in tree stability. This study explored the variations in traits, such as volume, cross-sectional area, and radius length of cage roots, and used those data to develop a mathematical model to better...
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MDPI AG
2020-02-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/2/181 |
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| author | Antonio Montagnoli Bruno Lasserre Gabriella Sferra Donato Chiatante Gabriella Stefania Scippa Mattia Terzaghi R. Kasten Dumroese |
| author_facet | Antonio Montagnoli Bruno Lasserre Gabriella Sferra Donato Chiatante Gabriella Stefania Scippa Mattia Terzaghi R. Kasten Dumroese |
| author_sort | Antonio Montagnoli |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The coarse roots of <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> included in the cage are the ones most involved in tree stability. This study explored the variations in traits, such as volume, cross-sectional area, and radius length of cage roots, and used those data to develop a mathematical model to better understand the type of forces occurring for each shallow lateral root segment belonging to different quadrants of the three-dimensional (3D) root system architecture. The pattern and intensity of these forces were modelled along the root segment from the branching point to the cage edge. Data of root cage volume in the upper 30 cm of soil showed a higher value in the downslope and windward quadrant while, at a deeper soil depth (>30 cm), we found higher values in both upslope and leeward quadrants. The analysis of radius length and the cross-sectional area of the shallow lateral roots revealed the presence of a considerable degree of eccentricity of the annual rings at the branching point and at the cage edge. This eccentricity is due to the formation of compression wood, and the eccentricity changes from the top portion at the branching point to the bottom portion at the cage edge, which we hypothesize may be a response to the variation in mechanical forces occurring in the various zones of the cage. This hypothesis is supported by a mathematical model that shows how the pattern and intensity of different types of mechanical forces are present within the various quadrants of the same root system from the taproot to the cage edge. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T20:18:04Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T20:18:04Z |
| publishDate | 2020-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-1f9bba3aad1441948f0602abd55427e12022-12-22T01:35:07ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472020-02-019218110.3390/plants9020181plants9020181Formation of Annual Ring Eccentricity in Coarse Roots within the Root Cage of <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> Growing on SlopesAntonio Montagnoli0Bruno Lasserre1Gabriella Sferra2Donato Chiatante3Gabriella Stefania Scippa4Mattia Terzaghi5R. Kasten Dumroese6Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via Dunant, 3–21100 Varese, ItalyDepartment of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Isernia, ItalyDepartment of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Isernia, ItalyDepartment of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via Dunant, 3–21100 Varese, ItalyDepartment of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Isernia, ItalyDepartment of Chemistry and Biology ‘A. Zambelli’, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, ItalyRocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 1221 South Main Street, Moscow, ID 83843, USAThe coarse roots of <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> included in the cage are the ones most involved in tree stability. This study explored the variations in traits, such as volume, cross-sectional area, and radius length of cage roots, and used those data to develop a mathematical model to better understand the type of forces occurring for each shallow lateral root segment belonging to different quadrants of the three-dimensional (3D) root system architecture. The pattern and intensity of these forces were modelled along the root segment from the branching point to the cage edge. Data of root cage volume in the upper 30 cm of soil showed a higher value in the downslope and windward quadrant while, at a deeper soil depth (>30 cm), we found higher values in both upslope and leeward quadrants. The analysis of radius length and the cross-sectional area of the shallow lateral roots revealed the presence of a considerable degree of eccentricity of the annual rings at the branching point and at the cage edge. This eccentricity is due to the formation of compression wood, and the eccentricity changes from the top portion at the branching point to the bottom portion at the cage edge, which we hypothesize may be a response to the variation in mechanical forces occurring in the various zones of the cage. This hypothesis is supported by a mathematical model that shows how the pattern and intensity of different types of mechanical forces are present within the various quadrants of the same root system from the taproot to the cage edge.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/2/181root system<i>pinus ponderosa</i>reaction woodroot architectureannual ringsmechanical forces |
| spellingShingle | Antonio Montagnoli Bruno Lasserre Gabriella Sferra Donato Chiatante Gabriella Stefania Scippa Mattia Terzaghi R. Kasten Dumroese Formation of Annual Ring Eccentricity in Coarse Roots within the Root Cage of <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> Growing on Slopes Plants root system <i>pinus ponderosa</i> reaction wood root architecture annual rings mechanical forces |
| title | Formation of Annual Ring Eccentricity in Coarse Roots within the Root Cage of <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> Growing on Slopes |
| title_full | Formation of Annual Ring Eccentricity in Coarse Roots within the Root Cage of <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> Growing on Slopes |
| title_fullStr | Formation of Annual Ring Eccentricity in Coarse Roots within the Root Cage of <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> Growing on Slopes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Formation of Annual Ring Eccentricity in Coarse Roots within the Root Cage of <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> Growing on Slopes |
| title_short | Formation of Annual Ring Eccentricity in Coarse Roots within the Root Cage of <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> Growing on Slopes |
| title_sort | formation of annual ring eccentricity in coarse roots within the root cage of i pinus ponderosa i growing on slopes |
| topic | root system <i>pinus ponderosa</i> reaction wood root architecture annual rings mechanical forces |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/2/181 |
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