Determination of Multiclass Cyanotoxins in Blue-Green Algae (BGA) Dietary Supplements Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
In recent years, the consumption of blue-green algae (BGA) dietary supplements is increasing because of their health benefits. However, cyanobacteria can produce cyanotoxins, which present serious health risks. In this work we propose hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with tandem...
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/2/127 |
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| author | María del Mar Aparicio-Muriana Francisco J. Lara Monsalud Del Olmo-Iruela Ana M. García-Campaña |
| author_facet | María del Mar Aparicio-Muriana Francisco J. Lara Monsalud Del Olmo-Iruela Ana M. García-Campaña |
| author_sort | María del Mar Aparicio-Muriana |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In recent years, the consumption of blue-green algae (BGA) dietary supplements is increasing because of their health benefits. However, cyanobacteria can produce cyanotoxins, which present serious health risks. In this work we propose hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) to determine cyanotoxins in BGA dietary supplements. Target toxins, including microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) and microcystin-arginine-arginine (MC-RR), nodularin, anatoxin-a and three non-protein amino acids, β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB) and N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (AEG), were separated using a SeQuant ZIC-HILIC column. Cyanotoxin extraction was based on solid–liquid extraction (SLE) followed by a tandem-solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure using Strata-X and mixed-mode cation-exchange (MCX) cartridges. The method was validated for BGA dietary supplements obtaining quantification limits from 60 to 300 µg·kg<sup>−1</sup>. Nine different commercial supplements were analyzed, and DAB, AEG, and MCs were found in some samples, highlighting the relevance of monitoring these substances as precaution measures for the safe consumption of these products. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:02:32Z |
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| id | doaj.art-1f9f09c087e54bd887c3d493a280532d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:02:32Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-1f9f09c087e54bd887c3d493a280532d2023-11-16T23:38:56ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512023-02-0115212710.3390/toxins15020127Determination of Multiclass Cyanotoxins in Blue-Green Algae (BGA) Dietary Supplements Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass SpectrometryMaría del Mar Aparicio-Muriana0Francisco J. Lara1Monsalud Del Olmo-Iruela2Ana M. García-Campaña3Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, SpainDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, SpainDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, SpainDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, SpainIn recent years, the consumption of blue-green algae (BGA) dietary supplements is increasing because of their health benefits. However, cyanobacteria can produce cyanotoxins, which present serious health risks. In this work we propose hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) to determine cyanotoxins in BGA dietary supplements. Target toxins, including microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) and microcystin-arginine-arginine (MC-RR), nodularin, anatoxin-a and three non-protein amino acids, β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB) and N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (AEG), were separated using a SeQuant ZIC-HILIC column. Cyanotoxin extraction was based on solid–liquid extraction (SLE) followed by a tandem-solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure using Strata-X and mixed-mode cation-exchange (MCX) cartridges. The method was validated for BGA dietary supplements obtaining quantification limits from 60 to 300 µg·kg<sup>−1</sup>. Nine different commercial supplements were analyzed, and DAB, AEG, and MCs were found in some samples, highlighting the relevance of monitoring these substances as precaution measures for the safe consumption of these products.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/2/127blue-green algaecyanotoxinsdietary supplementsHILIC-MS/MStandem-solid phase extraction |
| spellingShingle | María del Mar Aparicio-Muriana Francisco J. Lara Monsalud Del Olmo-Iruela Ana M. García-Campaña Determination of Multiclass Cyanotoxins in Blue-Green Algae (BGA) Dietary Supplements Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Toxins blue-green algae cyanotoxins dietary supplements HILIC-MS/MS tandem-solid phase extraction |
| title | Determination of Multiclass Cyanotoxins in Blue-Green Algae (BGA) Dietary Supplements Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry |
| title_full | Determination of Multiclass Cyanotoxins in Blue-Green Algae (BGA) Dietary Supplements Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry |
| title_fullStr | Determination of Multiclass Cyanotoxins in Blue-Green Algae (BGA) Dietary Supplements Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determination of Multiclass Cyanotoxins in Blue-Green Algae (BGA) Dietary Supplements Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry |
| title_short | Determination of Multiclass Cyanotoxins in Blue-Green Algae (BGA) Dietary Supplements Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry |
| title_sort | determination of multiclass cyanotoxins in blue green algae bga dietary supplements using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry |
| topic | blue-green algae cyanotoxins dietary supplements HILIC-MS/MS tandem-solid phase extraction |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/2/127 |
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