Analysis and Simulation of a Sequential Rotationally Excited Circular Polarized Multi-Dipole Array for a Bi-Static Antenna GPR for Deep Exploration
As an effective active remote sensing technology for the exploration of shallow underground targets, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a detection method that can be used to obtain information about the characteristics of underground targets by transmitting an electromagnetic wave from an antenna an...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/1134 |
| _version_ | 1797618335552110592 |
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| author | Haifeng Fan Yiming Zhang Qianqian Tian Xuhong Wang Hongyan Meng |
| author_facet | Haifeng Fan Yiming Zhang Qianqian Tian Xuhong Wang Hongyan Meng |
| author_sort | Haifeng Fan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As an effective active remote sensing technology for the exploration of shallow underground targets, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a detection method that can be used to obtain information about the characteristics of underground targets by transmitting an electromagnetic wave from an antenna and analyzing the propagation of the electromagnetic wave underground. Due to the frequency (1 MHz–3 GHz) of GPRs, the depth of geological exploration is shallow (0.1–30 m). In order to penetrate the deeper Earth, it is necessary to increase the size of the antenna in accordance with the wavelength ratio and, thus, reduce the radiation frequency. For most bi-static antenna GPRs, a dipole antenna is used as the transmitting antenna and another antenna device is used as a receiving antenna, with both being horizontally linearly polarized (LP) antennas. In some cases, such a design can cause problems, such as the multi-path effect and polarization mismatching. When a GPR is used for deep exploration, increased numbers of errors and greater signal attenuation during data reception and processing often occur. In contrast, at the radiation source, with the use of large-aperture multiple-dipole antennas and multi-channel sequential rotational excitation, the electromagnetic wave can radiate in the form of circular polarization at a low frequency. In the receiving antenna, the issues caused by the multi-path effect and polarization mismatching can be addressed, even if LP antennas are used. A novel sequential rotationally excited (SRE) circularly polarized (CP) multiple-dipole array for a bi-static antenna GPR for deep exploration is proposed in this paper. A large-aperture CP multiple-dipole array is used instead of a small-size LP dipole antenna. The analysis and simulation results demonstrated that, comparing circular polarization and linear polarization with the premise of the same transmitting power, the SRE CP multiple-dipole antenna array radiation source achieved a significant enhancement (about 7 dB) in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as the radiant energy was collected at the receiving antenna. More importantly, by reducing the exploration frequency to 10 KHz, the exploration depth could also be greatly increased by about tenfold. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:11:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1fb6d48fd47b408b9dd105bb13431619 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:11:33Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-1fb6d48fd47b408b9dd105bb134316192023-11-16T23:04:08ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922023-02-01154113410.3390/rs15041134Analysis and Simulation of a Sequential Rotationally Excited Circular Polarized Multi-Dipole Array for a Bi-Static Antenna GPR for Deep ExplorationHaifeng Fan0Yiming Zhang1Qianqian Tian2Xuhong Wang3Hongyan Meng4Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, ChinaFaculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, ChinaSchool of Transportation Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, ChinaFaculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, ChinaFaculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, ChinaAs an effective active remote sensing technology for the exploration of shallow underground targets, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a detection method that can be used to obtain information about the characteristics of underground targets by transmitting an electromagnetic wave from an antenna and analyzing the propagation of the electromagnetic wave underground. Due to the frequency (1 MHz–3 GHz) of GPRs, the depth of geological exploration is shallow (0.1–30 m). In order to penetrate the deeper Earth, it is necessary to increase the size of the antenna in accordance with the wavelength ratio and, thus, reduce the radiation frequency. For most bi-static antenna GPRs, a dipole antenna is used as the transmitting antenna and another antenna device is used as a receiving antenna, with both being horizontally linearly polarized (LP) antennas. In some cases, such a design can cause problems, such as the multi-path effect and polarization mismatching. When a GPR is used for deep exploration, increased numbers of errors and greater signal attenuation during data reception and processing often occur. In contrast, at the radiation source, with the use of large-aperture multiple-dipole antennas and multi-channel sequential rotational excitation, the electromagnetic wave can radiate in the form of circular polarization at a low frequency. In the receiving antenna, the issues caused by the multi-path effect and polarization mismatching can be addressed, even if LP antennas are used. A novel sequential rotationally excited (SRE) circularly polarized (CP) multiple-dipole array for a bi-static antenna GPR for deep exploration is proposed in this paper. A large-aperture CP multiple-dipole array is used instead of a small-size LP dipole antenna. The analysis and simulation results demonstrated that, comparing circular polarization and linear polarization with the premise of the same transmitting power, the SRE CP multiple-dipole antenna array radiation source achieved a significant enhancement (about 7 dB) in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as the radiant energy was collected at the receiving antenna. More importantly, by reducing the exploration frequency to 10 KHz, the exploration depth could also be greatly increased by about tenfold.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/1134sequential rotationally excitedcircularly polarizedmulti-dipole arrayGPRSNR |
| spellingShingle | Haifeng Fan Yiming Zhang Qianqian Tian Xuhong Wang Hongyan Meng Analysis and Simulation of a Sequential Rotationally Excited Circular Polarized Multi-Dipole Array for a Bi-Static Antenna GPR for Deep Exploration Remote Sensing sequential rotationally excited circularly polarized multi-dipole array GPR SNR |
| title | Analysis and Simulation of a Sequential Rotationally Excited Circular Polarized Multi-Dipole Array for a Bi-Static Antenna GPR for Deep Exploration |
| title_full | Analysis and Simulation of a Sequential Rotationally Excited Circular Polarized Multi-Dipole Array for a Bi-Static Antenna GPR for Deep Exploration |
| title_fullStr | Analysis and Simulation of a Sequential Rotationally Excited Circular Polarized Multi-Dipole Array for a Bi-Static Antenna GPR for Deep Exploration |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis and Simulation of a Sequential Rotationally Excited Circular Polarized Multi-Dipole Array for a Bi-Static Antenna GPR for Deep Exploration |
| title_short | Analysis and Simulation of a Sequential Rotationally Excited Circular Polarized Multi-Dipole Array for a Bi-Static Antenna GPR for Deep Exploration |
| title_sort | analysis and simulation of a sequential rotationally excited circular polarized multi dipole array for a bi static antenna gpr for deep exploration |
| topic | sequential rotationally excited circularly polarized multi-dipole array GPR SNR |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/1134 |
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