Phylogenetic and Mutation Analysis of the Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Sequence Isolated in Costa Rica from a Mare with Encephalitis
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an arboviral pathogen in tropical America that causes lethal encephalitis in horses and humans. VEEV is classified into six subtypes (I to VI). Subtype I viruses are divided into epizootic (IAB and IC) and endemic strains (ID and IE) that can produce ou...
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Veterinary Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/9/6/258 |
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| author | Bernal León Gabriel González Alessandro Nicoli Alicia Rojas Antonella Di Pizio Lisbeth Ramirez-Carvajal Carlos Jimenez |
| author_facet | Bernal León Gabriel González Alessandro Nicoli Alicia Rojas Antonella Di Pizio Lisbeth Ramirez-Carvajal Carlos Jimenez |
| author_sort | Bernal León |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an arboviral pathogen in tropical America that causes lethal encephalitis in horses and humans. VEEV is classified into six subtypes (I to VI). Subtype I viruses are divided into epizootic (IAB and IC) and endemic strains (ID and IE) that can produce outbreaks or sporadic diseases, respectively. The objective of this study was to reconstruct the phylogeny and the molecular clock of sequences of VEEV subtype I complex and identify mutations within sequences belonging to epizootic or enzootic subtypes focusing on a sequence isolated from a mare in Costa Rica. Bayesian phylogeny of the VEEV subtype I complex tree with 110 VEEV complete genomes was analyzed. Evidence of positive selection was evaluated with Datamonkey server algorithms. The putative effects of mutations on the 3D protein structure in the Costa Rica sequence were evaluated. The phylogenetic analysis showed that Subtype IE-VEEV diverged earlier than other subtypes, Costa Rican VEEV-IE ancestors came from Nicaragua in 1963 and Guatemala in 1907. Among the observed non-synonymous mutations, only 17 amino acids changed lateral chain groups. Fourteen mutations located in the NSP3, E1, and E2 genes are unique in this sequence, highlighting the importance of E1-E2 genes in VEEV evolution. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:15:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1fbb062b4fa042aeb291f24fc263abf4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2306-7381 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:15:59Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Veterinary Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-1fbb062b4fa042aeb291f24fc263abf42023-11-23T19:22:55ZengMDPI AGVeterinary Sciences2306-73812022-05-019625810.3390/vetsci9060258Phylogenetic and Mutation Analysis of the Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Sequence Isolated in Costa Rica from a Mare with EncephalitisBernal León0Gabriel González1Alessandro Nicoli2Alicia Rojas3Antonella Di Pizio4Lisbeth Ramirez-Carvajal5Carlos Jimenez6LSE Laboratory, Veterinary Service National Laboratory, Animal Health National Service, Ministry of Agriculture and Cattle, Heredia 40104, Costa RicaNational Virus Reference Laboratory, College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Belfield, IrelandLeibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, GermanyLaboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa RicaLeibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, GermanyVeterinary Medicine Infection and Immunity, Virology, University of Utrecht, 3584 CS Utrecht, The NetherlandsLaboratory of Virology, Tropical Diseases Research Program (PIET), School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40101, Costa RicaVenezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an arboviral pathogen in tropical America that causes lethal encephalitis in horses and humans. VEEV is classified into six subtypes (I to VI). Subtype I viruses are divided into epizootic (IAB and IC) and endemic strains (ID and IE) that can produce outbreaks or sporadic diseases, respectively. The objective of this study was to reconstruct the phylogeny and the molecular clock of sequences of VEEV subtype I complex and identify mutations within sequences belonging to epizootic or enzootic subtypes focusing on a sequence isolated from a mare in Costa Rica. Bayesian phylogeny of the VEEV subtype I complex tree with 110 VEEV complete genomes was analyzed. Evidence of positive selection was evaluated with Datamonkey server algorithms. The putative effects of mutations on the 3D protein structure in the Costa Rica sequence were evaluated. The phylogenetic analysis showed that Subtype IE-VEEV diverged earlier than other subtypes, Costa Rican VEEV-IE ancestors came from Nicaragua in 1963 and Guatemala in 1907. Among the observed non-synonymous mutations, only 17 amino acids changed lateral chain groups. Fourteen mutations located in the NSP3, E1, and E2 genes are unique in this sequence, highlighting the importance of E1-E2 genes in VEEV evolution.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/9/6/258BayesianCosta RicaE1/E2 dimerevolutionhorse encephalitismutations |
| spellingShingle | Bernal León Gabriel González Alessandro Nicoli Alicia Rojas Antonella Di Pizio Lisbeth Ramirez-Carvajal Carlos Jimenez Phylogenetic and Mutation Analysis of the Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Sequence Isolated in Costa Rica from a Mare with Encephalitis Veterinary Sciences Bayesian Costa Rica E1/E2 dimer evolution horse encephalitis mutations |
| title | Phylogenetic and Mutation Analysis of the Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Sequence Isolated in Costa Rica from a Mare with Encephalitis |
| title_full | Phylogenetic and Mutation Analysis of the Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Sequence Isolated in Costa Rica from a Mare with Encephalitis |
| title_fullStr | Phylogenetic and Mutation Analysis of the Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Sequence Isolated in Costa Rica from a Mare with Encephalitis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phylogenetic and Mutation Analysis of the Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Sequence Isolated in Costa Rica from a Mare with Encephalitis |
| title_short | Phylogenetic and Mutation Analysis of the Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Sequence Isolated in Costa Rica from a Mare with Encephalitis |
| title_sort | phylogenetic and mutation analysis of the venezuelan equine encephalitis virus sequence isolated in costa rica from a mare with encephalitis |
| topic | Bayesian Costa Rica E1/E2 dimer evolution horse encephalitis mutations |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/9/6/258 |
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