Determination of 355 Pesticides in Lemon and Lemon Juice by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS
While pesticides have become a primary tool in modern agriculture, these compounds remain a high priority on the list of consumer concerns regarding food safety. The use of pesticides in the production and post-harvesting of lemon fruits is widely used to ensure agricultural yield and fruit quality....
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-04-01
|
| Series: | Foods |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/9/1812 |
| _version_ | 1827742896354230272 |
|---|---|
| author | Sule Aslantas Ozgur Golge Miguel Ángel González-Curbelo Bulent Kabak |
| author_facet | Sule Aslantas Ozgur Golge Miguel Ángel González-Curbelo Bulent Kabak |
| author_sort | Sule Aslantas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | While pesticides have become a primary tool in modern agriculture, these compounds remain a high priority on the list of consumer concerns regarding food safety. The use of pesticides in the production and post-harvesting of lemon fruits is widely used to ensure agricultural yield and fruit quality. Therefore, monitoring studies on citrus fruits to enforce regulatory compliance and ensure food safety is in great demand. The aim of this study was to monitor multi-class pesticide residues in lemon fruits commercialized in Turkey. The transmission of residues that existed on the outer surface of the fruit into its juice was also studied. Whole fruits and lemon juice samples were prepared using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) methodology prior to analysis. For the screening and quantification of 355 pesticide residues, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) were used. The analytical method has been shown to have a sufficiently low limit of quantification with respect to current maximum residue limits (MRLs) for all target analytes. The obtained recovery and precision parameters fulfilled the requirements in DG SANTE guidelines. The in-house validated analytical method was then applied for the determination of 355 pesticide substances in 100 whole fruit samples and their juices. Sixteen different residues were detected in 43% of lemon fruits, whereas 57 lemon samples were pesticide-free. The MRLs exceedances were recorded in 29 lemon samples. The most frequently detected (17%) pesticide in lemon fruits was chlorpyrifos-methyl, with a range of 0.013–0.098 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>. A lower frequency was detected for metamitron (10%, 0.027–0.118 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>), buprofezin (9%, 0.023–0.076 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>), pyriproxyfen (9%, 0.021–0.102 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) and malathion (7%, 0.100–0.482 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) in whole fruits. However, none of the pesticide residues were detected in lemon juice samples. These results showed that target analytes are unable to penetrate the lemon exocarp and/or endocarp. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:18:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1fde4379f9f5481cb2104acd61a91078 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:18:54Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-1fde4379f9f5481cb2104acd61a910782023-11-17T22:55:11ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582023-04-01129181210.3390/foods12091812Determination of 355 Pesticides in Lemon and Lemon Juice by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MSSule Aslantas0Ozgur Golge1Miguel Ángel González-Curbelo2Bulent Kabak3Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hitit University, Corum 19030, TurkeyDepartment of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Faulty of Tourism, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya 07425, TurkeyDepartamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad EAN, Calle 79 No. 11-45, Bogotá 110221, ColombiaDepartment of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hitit University, Corum 19030, TurkeyWhile pesticides have become a primary tool in modern agriculture, these compounds remain a high priority on the list of consumer concerns regarding food safety. The use of pesticides in the production and post-harvesting of lemon fruits is widely used to ensure agricultural yield and fruit quality. Therefore, monitoring studies on citrus fruits to enforce regulatory compliance and ensure food safety is in great demand. The aim of this study was to monitor multi-class pesticide residues in lemon fruits commercialized in Turkey. The transmission of residues that existed on the outer surface of the fruit into its juice was also studied. Whole fruits and lemon juice samples were prepared using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) methodology prior to analysis. For the screening and quantification of 355 pesticide residues, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) were used. The analytical method has been shown to have a sufficiently low limit of quantification with respect to current maximum residue limits (MRLs) for all target analytes. The obtained recovery and precision parameters fulfilled the requirements in DG SANTE guidelines. The in-house validated analytical method was then applied for the determination of 355 pesticide substances in 100 whole fruit samples and their juices. Sixteen different residues were detected in 43% of lemon fruits, whereas 57 lemon samples were pesticide-free. The MRLs exceedances were recorded in 29 lemon samples. The most frequently detected (17%) pesticide in lemon fruits was chlorpyrifos-methyl, with a range of 0.013–0.098 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>. A lower frequency was detected for metamitron (10%, 0.027–0.118 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>), buprofezin (9%, 0.023–0.076 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>), pyriproxyfen (9%, 0.021–0.102 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) and malathion (7%, 0.100–0.482 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) in whole fruits. However, none of the pesticide residues were detected in lemon juice samples. These results showed that target analytes are unable to penetrate the lemon exocarp and/or endocarp.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/9/1812food safetylemonGC-MS/MSLC-MS/MSmethod validationQuEChERS |
| spellingShingle | Sule Aslantas Ozgur Golge Miguel Ángel González-Curbelo Bulent Kabak Determination of 355 Pesticides in Lemon and Lemon Juice by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS Foods food safety lemon GC-MS/MS LC-MS/MS method validation QuEChERS |
| title | Determination of 355 Pesticides in Lemon and Lemon Juice by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS |
| title_full | Determination of 355 Pesticides in Lemon and Lemon Juice by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS |
| title_fullStr | Determination of 355 Pesticides in Lemon and Lemon Juice by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determination of 355 Pesticides in Lemon and Lemon Juice by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS |
| title_short | Determination of 355 Pesticides in Lemon and Lemon Juice by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS |
| title_sort | determination of 355 pesticides in lemon and lemon juice by lc ms ms and gc ms ms |
| topic | food safety lemon GC-MS/MS LC-MS/MS method validation QuEChERS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/9/1812 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT suleaslantas determinationof355pesticidesinlemonandlemonjuicebylcmsmsandgcmsms AT ozgurgolge determinationof355pesticidesinlemonandlemonjuicebylcmsmsandgcmsms AT miguelangelgonzalezcurbelo determinationof355pesticidesinlemonandlemonjuicebylcmsmsandgcmsms AT bulentkabak determinationof355pesticidesinlemonandlemonjuicebylcmsmsandgcmsms |