Development of Apremilast Nanoemulsion-Loaded Chitosan Gels: In Vitro Evaluations and Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Studies on a Rat Model
Apremilast (APL) has profound anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity, alongside other dermal care. This study aims to develop APL-loaded NEs (ANE1-ANE5) using eucalyptus oil (EO) as the oil and Tween-80 and transcutol-HP (THP) as a surfactant and co-surfactant, respectively. The prepared NEs w...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Gels |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/8/5/253 |
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| author | Mohammed Muqtader Ahmed Md. Khalid Anwer Farhat Fatima Amer S. Alali Mohd Abul Kalam Ameeduzzafar Zafar Sultan Alshehri Mohammed M. Ghoneim |
| author_facet | Mohammed Muqtader Ahmed Md. Khalid Anwer Farhat Fatima Amer S. Alali Mohd Abul Kalam Ameeduzzafar Zafar Sultan Alshehri Mohammed M. Ghoneim |
| author_sort | Mohammed Muqtader Ahmed |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Apremilast (APL) has profound anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity, alongside other dermal care. This study aims to develop APL-loaded NEs (ANE1-ANE5) using eucalyptus oil (EO) as the oil and Tween-80 and transcutol-HP (THP) as a surfactant and co-surfactant, respectively. The prepared NEs were then evaluated based on mean droplet size (12.63 ± 1.2 nm), PDI (0.269 ± 0.012), ZP (−23.00 ± 5.86), RI (1.315 ± 0.02), and %T (99.89 ± 0.38) and ANE4 was optimized. Further, optimized NEs (ANE4) were incorporated into chitosan gel (2%, <i>w/v</i>). The developed ANE4-loaded chitosan gel was then evaluated for pH, spreadability, in vitro diffusion, and wound healing and anti-inflammatory studies. Moreover, in vivo studies denoted improved anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity and represented a decrease in wound size percentage (99.68 ± 0.345%) for the APNE2 gel test compared to a negative control (86.48 ± 0.87%) and standard control (92.82 ± 0.34%). Thus, the formulation of ANE4-loaded chitosan gels is an efficient topical treatment strategy for inflammatory and wound healing conditions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:50:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1fe6a4dfa9b140f7a44e260ee8401ee8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2310-2861 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:50:57Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Gels |
| spelling | doaj.art-1fe6a4dfa9b140f7a44e260ee8401ee82023-11-23T11:04:37ZengMDPI AGGels2310-28612022-04-018525310.3390/gels8050253Development of Apremilast Nanoemulsion-Loaded Chitosan Gels: In Vitro Evaluations and Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Studies on a Rat ModelMohammed Muqtader Ahmed0Md. Khalid Anwer1Farhat Fatima2Amer S. Alali3Mohd Abul Kalam4Ameeduzzafar Zafar5Sultan Alshehri6Mohammed M. Ghoneim7Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi ArabiaNanobiotechnology Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf Region, Sakaka 72341, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Almaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi ArabiaApremilast (APL) has profound anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity, alongside other dermal care. This study aims to develop APL-loaded NEs (ANE1-ANE5) using eucalyptus oil (EO) as the oil and Tween-80 and transcutol-HP (THP) as a surfactant and co-surfactant, respectively. The prepared NEs were then evaluated based on mean droplet size (12.63 ± 1.2 nm), PDI (0.269 ± 0.012), ZP (−23.00 ± 5.86), RI (1.315 ± 0.02), and %T (99.89 ± 0.38) and ANE4 was optimized. Further, optimized NEs (ANE4) were incorporated into chitosan gel (2%, <i>w/v</i>). The developed ANE4-loaded chitosan gel was then evaluated for pH, spreadability, in vitro diffusion, and wound healing and anti-inflammatory studies. Moreover, in vivo studies denoted improved anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity and represented a decrease in wound size percentage (99.68 ± 0.345%) for the APNE2 gel test compared to a negative control (86.48 ± 0.87%) and standard control (92.82 ± 0.34%). Thus, the formulation of ANE4-loaded chitosan gels is an efficient topical treatment strategy for inflammatory and wound healing conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/8/5/253apremilastnanoemulsionchitosangelsstabilityanti-inflammatory |
| spellingShingle | Mohammed Muqtader Ahmed Md. Khalid Anwer Farhat Fatima Amer S. Alali Mohd Abul Kalam Ameeduzzafar Zafar Sultan Alshehri Mohammed M. Ghoneim Development of Apremilast Nanoemulsion-Loaded Chitosan Gels: In Vitro Evaluations and Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Studies on a Rat Model Gels apremilast nanoemulsion chitosan gels stability anti-inflammatory |
| title | Development of Apremilast Nanoemulsion-Loaded Chitosan Gels: In Vitro Evaluations and Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Studies on a Rat Model |
| title_full | Development of Apremilast Nanoemulsion-Loaded Chitosan Gels: In Vitro Evaluations and Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Studies on a Rat Model |
| title_fullStr | Development of Apremilast Nanoemulsion-Loaded Chitosan Gels: In Vitro Evaluations and Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Studies on a Rat Model |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development of Apremilast Nanoemulsion-Loaded Chitosan Gels: In Vitro Evaluations and Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Studies on a Rat Model |
| title_short | Development of Apremilast Nanoemulsion-Loaded Chitosan Gels: In Vitro Evaluations and Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Studies on a Rat Model |
| title_sort | development of apremilast nanoemulsion loaded chitosan gels in vitro evaluations and anti inflammatory and wound healing studies on a rat model |
| topic | apremilast nanoemulsion chitosan gels stability anti-inflammatory |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/8/5/253 |
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