Scale Effect of Sloping Landscape Characteristics on River Water Quality in the Upper Reaches of the Si River in East-Central China
Landscape composition and configuration determine the source of pollutants. They also determine the interception and pollution-holding potential of the surface landscape. Using the upper reaches of the Si River Basin, a major grain-producing region in Shandong province in east-central China, as a ca...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Land |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/2/457 |
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| author | Fang Liu Tianling Qin Hao Wang Shanshan Liu Hanjiang Nie Jianwei Wang |
| author_facet | Fang Liu Tianling Qin Hao Wang Shanshan Liu Hanjiang Nie Jianwei Wang |
| author_sort | Fang Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Landscape composition and configuration determine the source of pollutants. They also determine the interception and pollution-holding potential of the surface landscape. Using the upper reaches of the Si River Basin, a major grain-producing region in Shandong province in east-central China, as a case study, this study analyzed the influence of landscape characteristics on river water quality (RWQ) after superimposing topographic slope factors for 2017, and investigated which spatial scale had the strongest influence on RWQ. The landscape indices of three spatial scales (riparian zone, river reach and sub-catchment) and three slope scales (general land, flat ground and steep slope) were extracted. Correlation analysis and redundancy analysis were used to reveal the effects of landscape characteristics on RWQ at different scales. The results indicate that the landscape types were dominated by arable land and construction land in 2017. Landscape indices at different scales were significantly different. The RWQ generally met Class II or III surface water quality standard. Arable land and construction land had a negative impact on RWQ, both of which were “source” landscapes, while forest was a “sink” landscape that can effectively alleviate the deterioration of RWQ. The eight landscape indices which indicated heterogeneity, fragmentation level, landscape diversity, and shape information had different degrees of correlation with NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>-N, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N, COD<sub>Mn</sub> and BOD<sub>5</sub>. Different scales of landscape features had different correlations with RWQ, with the strongest correlation in the riparian zone, followed by the river reach, and the weakest in the sub-catchment. The influence of steep slope land was higher than that of flat ground land. The study confirmed that landscape structure and configuration had a scale effect on RWQ. It thus has great significance for water resources protection and land use management in the study area. |
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| language | English |
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| spelling | doaj.art-201e889988a8434eb560a75941ae28bb2023-11-16T21:37:35ZengMDPI AGLand2073-445X2023-02-0112245710.3390/land12020457Scale Effect of Sloping Landscape Characteristics on River Water Quality in the Upper Reaches of the Si River in East-Central ChinaFang Liu0Tianling Qin1Hao Wang2Shanshan Liu3Hanjiang Nie4Jianwei Wang5College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR), Beijing 100038, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR), Beijing 100038, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR), Beijing 100038, ChinaKey Laboratory for Geographical Process Analysis & Simulation of Hubei Province, School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, ChinaYellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research No. 45, Shunhe Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450003, ChinaLandscape composition and configuration determine the source of pollutants. They also determine the interception and pollution-holding potential of the surface landscape. Using the upper reaches of the Si River Basin, a major grain-producing region in Shandong province in east-central China, as a case study, this study analyzed the influence of landscape characteristics on river water quality (RWQ) after superimposing topographic slope factors for 2017, and investigated which spatial scale had the strongest influence on RWQ. The landscape indices of three spatial scales (riparian zone, river reach and sub-catchment) and three slope scales (general land, flat ground and steep slope) were extracted. Correlation analysis and redundancy analysis were used to reveal the effects of landscape characteristics on RWQ at different scales. The results indicate that the landscape types were dominated by arable land and construction land in 2017. Landscape indices at different scales were significantly different. The RWQ generally met Class II or III surface water quality standard. Arable land and construction land had a negative impact on RWQ, both of which were “source” landscapes, while forest was a “sink” landscape that can effectively alleviate the deterioration of RWQ. The eight landscape indices which indicated heterogeneity, fragmentation level, landscape diversity, and shape information had different degrees of correlation with NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>-N, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N, COD<sub>Mn</sub> and BOD<sub>5</sub>. Different scales of landscape features had different correlations with RWQ, with the strongest correlation in the riparian zone, followed by the river reach, and the weakest in the sub-catchment. The influence of steep slope land was higher than that of flat ground land. The study confirmed that landscape structure and configuration had a scale effect on RWQ. It thus has great significance for water resources protection and land use management in the study area.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/2/457landscape structureconfigurationlandscape characteristic indexriver water qualityscale effectslope |
| spellingShingle | Fang Liu Tianling Qin Hao Wang Shanshan Liu Hanjiang Nie Jianwei Wang Scale Effect of Sloping Landscape Characteristics on River Water Quality in the Upper Reaches of the Si River in East-Central China Land landscape structure configuration landscape characteristic index river water quality scale effect slope |
| title | Scale Effect of Sloping Landscape Characteristics on River Water Quality in the Upper Reaches of the Si River in East-Central China |
| title_full | Scale Effect of Sloping Landscape Characteristics on River Water Quality in the Upper Reaches of the Si River in East-Central China |
| title_fullStr | Scale Effect of Sloping Landscape Characteristics on River Water Quality in the Upper Reaches of the Si River in East-Central China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Scale Effect of Sloping Landscape Characteristics on River Water Quality in the Upper Reaches of the Si River in East-Central China |
| title_short | Scale Effect of Sloping Landscape Characteristics on River Water Quality in the Upper Reaches of the Si River in East-Central China |
| title_sort | scale effect of sloping landscape characteristics on river water quality in the upper reaches of the si river in east central china |
| topic | landscape structure configuration landscape characteristic index river water quality scale effect slope |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/2/457 |
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