| Summary: | This study aimed to analyze the lighting design in selected historical sites. Lighting plays a significant role in reflecting symbolic, functional, and aesthetic values. Our study found that there is no special recognition for mud buildings’ outdoor lighting standards, so we analyzed the lighting design in a case study approved by the Diriyah Gate Development Authority. We developed lighting criteria and tested the effect of the building surface on these criteria, to be used as a reference for lighting local mud heritage buildings. This study used a mixed methods research framework encompassing both qualitative and quantitative data. For the qualitative data, a descriptive–analytical approach was used to list all the criteria found in the literature for historical and heritage buildings, as well as site visits and observations for the selected mud building. The quantitative data contained the dimensions identified in the first phase to develop and test the preferences of lighting criteria illuminance and correlated color temperature (CCT). A computer simulation was created to derive the outdoor lighting standards, and a questionnaire was developed to assess clarity, sensitivity, and preferences. The findings revealed that participants mostly preferred higher illuminance and warm temperature was preferred over other temperature options. The manuscript concludes with some recommendations for future studies.
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