Quality Control Standardization, Contaminant Detection and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of <i>Prunus domestica</i> Linn. Fruit
The increase in the use of herbal medicines has led to the implementation of more stern regulations in terms of quality variation and standardization. As medicinal plants are prone to quality variation acquired due to differences in geographical origin, collection, storage, and processing, it is ess...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/5/706 |
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| author | Mohd Amir Ameeduzzafar Zafar Rizwan Ahmad Wasim Ahmad Mohammad Sarafroz Mohammad Khalid Mohammed M. Ghoneim Sultan Alshehri Shadma Wahab Sayeed Ahmad Mohd Mujeeb |
| author_facet | Mohd Amir Ameeduzzafar Zafar Rizwan Ahmad Wasim Ahmad Mohammad Sarafroz Mohammad Khalid Mohammed M. Ghoneim Sultan Alshehri Shadma Wahab Sayeed Ahmad Mohd Mujeeb |
| author_sort | Mohd Amir |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The increase in the use of herbal medicines has led to the implementation of more stern regulations in terms of quality variation and standardization. As medicinal plants are prone to quality variation acquired due to differences in geographical origin, collection, storage, and processing, it is essential to ensure the quality, efficacy, and biological activity of medicinal plants. This study aims to standardize the widely used fruit, i.e., <i>Prunus domestica</i> Linn., using evaluation techniques (microscopic, macroscopic, and physicochemical analyses), advanced instrumental (HPLC, HPTLC, and GC–MS for phytochemical, aflatoxins, pesticides, and heavy metals), biological, and toxicological techniques (microbial load and antioxidant activities). The results revealed a 6–8 cm fruit with smooth surface, delicious odor, and acidic taste (macroscopy), thin-walled epidermis devoid of cuticle and any kind of excrescences with the existence of xylem and phloem (microscopy), LOD (15.46 ± 2.24%), moisture content (13.27 ± 1.75%), the high extractive value of 24.71 ± 4.94% in water:methanol (1:1; <i>v/v</i>) and with ash values in the allowed limits (physicochemical properties), and the presence of numerous phytochemical classes such as alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, etc. (phytochemical screening). Furthermore, no heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Cd, Ar), pesticides, ad microbial limits were detected beyond the permissible limits specified, as determined with AAS, GC–MS analysis, and microbial tests. The HPTLC was developed to characterize a complete phytochemical behavior for the components present in <i>P. domestica</i> fruit extract. The parameters utilized with the method used and the results observed for the prunus herein may render this method an effective tool for quality evaluation, standardization, and quality control of <i>P. domestica</i> fruit in research, industries, and market available food products of prunus. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:24:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2049c8b27c25471aa5212f1c95f9dca4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:24:59Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-2049c8b27c25471aa5212f1c95f9dca42023-11-23T23:37:06ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472022-03-0111570610.3390/plants11050706Quality Control Standardization, Contaminant Detection and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of <i>Prunus domestica</i> Linn. FruitMohd Amir0Ameeduzzafar Zafar1Rizwan Ahmad2Wasim Ahmad3Mohammad Sarafroz4Mohammad Khalid5Mohammed M. Ghoneim6Sultan Alshehri7Shadma Wahab8Sayeed Ahmad9Mohd Mujeeb10Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Al-Jouf, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Safaa, Dammam 34222, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, IndiaDepartment of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, IndiaThe increase in the use of herbal medicines has led to the implementation of more stern regulations in terms of quality variation and standardization. As medicinal plants are prone to quality variation acquired due to differences in geographical origin, collection, storage, and processing, it is essential to ensure the quality, efficacy, and biological activity of medicinal plants. This study aims to standardize the widely used fruit, i.e., <i>Prunus domestica</i> Linn., using evaluation techniques (microscopic, macroscopic, and physicochemical analyses), advanced instrumental (HPLC, HPTLC, and GC–MS for phytochemical, aflatoxins, pesticides, and heavy metals), biological, and toxicological techniques (microbial load and antioxidant activities). The results revealed a 6–8 cm fruit with smooth surface, delicious odor, and acidic taste (macroscopy), thin-walled epidermis devoid of cuticle and any kind of excrescences with the existence of xylem and phloem (microscopy), LOD (15.46 ± 2.24%), moisture content (13.27 ± 1.75%), the high extractive value of 24.71 ± 4.94% in water:methanol (1:1; <i>v/v</i>) and with ash values in the allowed limits (physicochemical properties), and the presence of numerous phytochemical classes such as alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, etc. (phytochemical screening). Furthermore, no heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Cd, Ar), pesticides, ad microbial limits were detected beyond the permissible limits specified, as determined with AAS, GC–MS analysis, and microbial tests. The HPTLC was developed to characterize a complete phytochemical behavior for the components present in <i>P. domestica</i> fruit extract. The parameters utilized with the method used and the results observed for the prunus herein may render this method an effective tool for quality evaluation, standardization, and quality control of <i>P. domestica</i> fruit in research, industries, and market available food products of prunus.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/5/706<i>Prunus domestica</i>standardizationGC–MSantioxidantHPLCmicrobial limits |
| spellingShingle | Mohd Amir Ameeduzzafar Zafar Rizwan Ahmad Wasim Ahmad Mohammad Sarafroz Mohammad Khalid Mohammed M. Ghoneim Sultan Alshehri Shadma Wahab Sayeed Ahmad Mohd Mujeeb Quality Control Standardization, Contaminant Detection and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of <i>Prunus domestica</i> Linn. Fruit Plants <i>Prunus domestica</i> standardization GC–MS antioxidant HPLC microbial limits |
| title | Quality Control Standardization, Contaminant Detection and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of <i>Prunus domestica</i> Linn. Fruit |
| title_full | Quality Control Standardization, Contaminant Detection and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of <i>Prunus domestica</i> Linn. Fruit |
| title_fullStr | Quality Control Standardization, Contaminant Detection and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of <i>Prunus domestica</i> Linn. Fruit |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quality Control Standardization, Contaminant Detection and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of <i>Prunus domestica</i> Linn. Fruit |
| title_short | Quality Control Standardization, Contaminant Detection and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of <i>Prunus domestica</i> Linn. Fruit |
| title_sort | quality control standardization contaminant detection and in vitro antioxidant activity of i prunus domestica i linn fruit |
| topic | <i>Prunus domestica</i> standardization GC–MS antioxidant HPLC microbial limits |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/5/706 |
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