Population Genetic Analysis and Sub-Structuring of Theileria annulata in Sudan
Theileria annulata, which causes tropical theileriosis, is a major impediment to improving cattle production in Sudan. Tropical theileriosis disease is prevalent in the north and central regions of Sudan. Outbreaks of the disease have been observed outside the known endemic areas, in east and west r...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Genetics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2021.742808/full |
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| author | Diaeldin A. Salih Diaeldin A. Salih Awadia M. Ali Moses Njahira Khalid M. Taha Mohammed S. Mohammed Joram M. Mwacharo Ndila Mbole-Kariuki Abdelrhim M. El Hussein Richard Bishop Robert Skilton |
| author_facet | Diaeldin A. Salih Diaeldin A. Salih Awadia M. Ali Moses Njahira Khalid M. Taha Mohammed S. Mohammed Joram M. Mwacharo Ndila Mbole-Kariuki Abdelrhim M. El Hussein Richard Bishop Robert Skilton |
| author_sort | Diaeldin A. Salih |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Theileria annulata, which causes tropical theileriosis, is a major impediment to improving cattle production in Sudan. Tropical theileriosis disease is prevalent in the north and central regions of Sudan. Outbreaks of the disease have been observed outside the known endemic areas, in east and west regions of the country, due to changes in tick vector distribution and animal movement. A live schizont attenuated vaccination based on tissue culture technology has been developed to control the disease. The parasite in the field as well as the vaccine strain need to be genotyped before the vaccinations are practiced, in order to be able to monitor any breakthrough or breakdown, if any, after the deployment of the vaccine in the field. Nine microsatellite markers were used to genotype 246 field samples positive for T. annulata DNA and the vaccine strain. North and central populations have a higher multiplicity of infection than east and west populations. The examination of principal components showed two sub-structures with a mix of all four populations in both clusters and the vaccine strain used being aligned with left-lower cluster. Only the north population was in linkage equilibrium, while the other populations were in linkage disequilibrium, and linkage equilibrium was found when all samples were regarded as single population. The genetic identity of the vaccine and field samples was 0.62 with the north population and 0.39 with west population. Overall, genetic investigations of four T. annulata populations in Sudan revealed substantial intermixing, with only two groups exhibiting regional origin independence. In the four geographically distant regions analyzed, there was a high level of genetic variation within each population. The findings show that the live schizont attenuated vaccine, Atbara strain may be acceptable for use in all Sudanese regions where tropical theileriosis occurs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T19:55:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-204d4b7a0e464f34b267f8d4e26aa5b4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-8021 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T19:55:47Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Genetics |
| spelling | doaj.art-204d4b7a0e464f34b267f8d4e26aa5b42022-12-21T19:28:10ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Genetics1664-80212021-11-011210.3389/fgene.2021.742808742808Population Genetic Analysis and Sub-Structuring of Theileria annulata in SudanDiaeldin A. Salih0Diaeldin A. Salih1Awadia M. Ali2Moses Njahira3Khalid M. Taha4Mohammed S. Mohammed5Joram M. Mwacharo6Ndila Mbole-Kariuki7Abdelrhim M. El Hussein8Richard Bishop9Robert Skilton10Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute Hub (BecA-ILRI Hub), Nairobi, KenyaCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory, Khartoum, SudanFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, SudanBiosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute Hub (BecA-ILRI Hub), Nairobi, KenyaAtbara Veterinary Research Laboratory, Atbara, SudanFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Butana, Tamboul, SudanSchool of Life Sciences, Centre for Genetics and Genomics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United KingdomInternational Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, KenyaCentral Laboratory, Khartoum, SudanInternational Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, KenyaBiosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute Hub (BecA-ILRI Hub), Nairobi, KenyaTheileria annulata, which causes tropical theileriosis, is a major impediment to improving cattle production in Sudan. Tropical theileriosis disease is prevalent in the north and central regions of Sudan. Outbreaks of the disease have been observed outside the known endemic areas, in east and west regions of the country, due to changes in tick vector distribution and animal movement. A live schizont attenuated vaccination based on tissue culture technology has been developed to control the disease. The parasite in the field as well as the vaccine strain need to be genotyped before the vaccinations are practiced, in order to be able to monitor any breakthrough or breakdown, if any, after the deployment of the vaccine in the field. Nine microsatellite markers were used to genotype 246 field samples positive for T. annulata DNA and the vaccine strain. North and central populations have a higher multiplicity of infection than east and west populations. The examination of principal components showed two sub-structures with a mix of all four populations in both clusters and the vaccine strain used being aligned with left-lower cluster. Only the north population was in linkage equilibrium, while the other populations were in linkage disequilibrium, and linkage equilibrium was found when all samples were regarded as single population. The genetic identity of the vaccine and field samples was 0.62 with the north population and 0.39 with west population. Overall, genetic investigations of four T. annulata populations in Sudan revealed substantial intermixing, with only two groups exhibiting regional origin independence. In the four geographically distant regions analyzed, there was a high level of genetic variation within each population. The findings show that the live schizont attenuated vaccine, Atbara strain may be acceptable for use in all Sudanese regions where tropical theileriosis occurs.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2021.742808/fullcattlecell culture vaccineTheileria annulatagenotypingpopulation geneticssub-structure |
| spellingShingle | Diaeldin A. Salih Diaeldin A. Salih Awadia M. Ali Moses Njahira Khalid M. Taha Mohammed S. Mohammed Joram M. Mwacharo Ndila Mbole-Kariuki Abdelrhim M. El Hussein Richard Bishop Robert Skilton Population Genetic Analysis and Sub-Structuring of Theileria annulata in Sudan Frontiers in Genetics cattle cell culture vaccine Theileria annulata genotyping population genetics sub-structure |
| title | Population Genetic Analysis and Sub-Structuring of Theileria annulata in Sudan |
| title_full | Population Genetic Analysis and Sub-Structuring of Theileria annulata in Sudan |
| title_fullStr | Population Genetic Analysis and Sub-Structuring of Theileria annulata in Sudan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Population Genetic Analysis and Sub-Structuring of Theileria annulata in Sudan |
| title_short | Population Genetic Analysis and Sub-Structuring of Theileria annulata in Sudan |
| title_sort | population genetic analysis and sub structuring of theileria annulata in sudan |
| topic | cattle cell culture vaccine Theileria annulata genotyping population genetics sub-structure |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2021.742808/full |
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