The Dietary Effects of Nutmeg (<i>Myristica fragrans</i>) Extract on Growth, Hematological Parameters, Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Disease Resistance of Common Carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) against <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>
Medicinal plants are increasingly used in aquaculture owing to their beneficial impacts on the health status of farmed fish. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of nutmeg (<i>Myristica fragrans</i>) extract on growth, immunity, antioxidant parameters, and resistance...
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/10/3/325 |
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| author | Ghasem Rashidian Khalid Shahin Gehad E. Elshopakey Heba H. Mahboub Azin Fahim Hiam Elabd Marko D. Prokić Caterina Faggio |
| author_facet | Ghasem Rashidian Khalid Shahin Gehad E. Elshopakey Heba H. Mahboub Azin Fahim Hiam Elabd Marko D. Prokić Caterina Faggio |
| author_sort | Ghasem Rashidian |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Medicinal plants are increasingly used in aquaculture owing to their beneficial impacts on the health status of farmed fish. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of nutmeg (<i>Myristica fragrans</i>) extract on growth, immunity, antioxidant parameters, and resistance of common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) against <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>. In addition, in vitro antibacterial activity of the skin mucus of fish fed on nutmeg extract was evaluated against three major fish pathogenic bacteria through the standard disk diffusion method. Fish (17.27 ± 0.11 g) were divided into four groups and fed on experimental diets containing different levels of nutmeg extract, including zero (control), 0.5% (M1), 1% (M2), and 2% (M3) per kg diet. Results showed that nutmeg significantly enhanced growth parameters after a four-week feeding trial. Feed conversion ratio was remarkably reduced with the lowest value reported for the M3 group, whereas weight gain was notably increased in M2 and M3. No significant effect was found on the hematological profile, including mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and hematocrit, while the highest levels of red blood cells and white blood cells were found in the M3 group. Stress biomarkers, including glucose and cortisol, were the lowest in the M3 group. Serum and skin mucus immunological and antioxidant parameters were significantly higher in M3, followed by M2, where the highest resistance was also observed. In addition, skin mucus samples effectively inhibited <i>Streptococcus iniae</i>, <i>Yersinia ruckeri</i>, and <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>. Overall, the present results suggest that dietary nutmeg (20 g/kg diet) could be used as a growth promotor and immunostimulant in common carp. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:35:17Z |
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| id | doaj.art-205d0a89042943ca84dd707ff732781c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-1312 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:35:17Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-205d0a89042943ca84dd707ff732781c2023-11-24T01:56:40ZengMDPI AGJournal of Marine Science and Engineering2077-13122022-02-0110332510.3390/jmse10030325The Dietary Effects of Nutmeg (<i>Myristica fragrans</i>) Extract on Growth, Hematological Parameters, Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Disease Resistance of Common Carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) against <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>Ghasem Rashidian0Khalid Shahin1Gehad E. Elshopakey2Heba H. Mahboub3Azin Fahim4Hiam Elabd5Marko D. Prokić6Caterina Faggio7Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor 4641776489, IranAquatic Animal Diseases Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Suez P.O. Box 43511, EgyptDepartment of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura P.O. Box 35516, EgyptDepartment of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig P.O. Box 44511, EgyptDepartment of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor 4641776489, IranDepartment of Aquatic Animals’ Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor P.O. Box 13736, EgyptDepartment of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, SerbiaDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyMedicinal plants are increasingly used in aquaculture owing to their beneficial impacts on the health status of farmed fish. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of nutmeg (<i>Myristica fragrans</i>) extract on growth, immunity, antioxidant parameters, and resistance of common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) against <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>. In addition, in vitro antibacterial activity of the skin mucus of fish fed on nutmeg extract was evaluated against three major fish pathogenic bacteria through the standard disk diffusion method. Fish (17.27 ± 0.11 g) were divided into four groups and fed on experimental diets containing different levels of nutmeg extract, including zero (control), 0.5% (M1), 1% (M2), and 2% (M3) per kg diet. Results showed that nutmeg significantly enhanced growth parameters after a four-week feeding trial. Feed conversion ratio was remarkably reduced with the lowest value reported for the M3 group, whereas weight gain was notably increased in M2 and M3. No significant effect was found on the hematological profile, including mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and hematocrit, while the highest levels of red blood cells and white blood cells were found in the M3 group. Stress biomarkers, including glucose and cortisol, were the lowest in the M3 group. Serum and skin mucus immunological and antioxidant parameters were significantly higher in M3, followed by M2, where the highest resistance was also observed. In addition, skin mucus samples effectively inhibited <i>Streptococcus iniae</i>, <i>Yersinia ruckeri</i>, and <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>. Overall, the present results suggest that dietary nutmeg (20 g/kg diet) could be used as a growth promotor and immunostimulant in common carp.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/10/3/325<i>Myristica fragrans</i>medicinal herbsgrowth performanceantibacterial activityimmunitycommon carp |
| spellingShingle | Ghasem Rashidian Khalid Shahin Gehad E. Elshopakey Heba H. Mahboub Azin Fahim Hiam Elabd Marko D. Prokić Caterina Faggio The Dietary Effects of Nutmeg (<i>Myristica fragrans</i>) Extract on Growth, Hematological Parameters, Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Disease Resistance of Common Carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) against <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i> Journal of Marine Science and Engineering <i>Myristica fragrans</i> medicinal herbs growth performance antibacterial activity immunity common carp |
| title | The Dietary Effects of Nutmeg (<i>Myristica fragrans</i>) Extract on Growth, Hematological Parameters, Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Disease Resistance of Common Carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) against <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i> |
| title_full | The Dietary Effects of Nutmeg (<i>Myristica fragrans</i>) Extract on Growth, Hematological Parameters, Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Disease Resistance of Common Carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) against <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i> |
| title_fullStr | The Dietary Effects of Nutmeg (<i>Myristica fragrans</i>) Extract on Growth, Hematological Parameters, Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Disease Resistance of Common Carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) against <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Dietary Effects of Nutmeg (<i>Myristica fragrans</i>) Extract on Growth, Hematological Parameters, Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Disease Resistance of Common Carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) against <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i> |
| title_short | The Dietary Effects of Nutmeg (<i>Myristica fragrans</i>) Extract on Growth, Hematological Parameters, Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Disease Resistance of Common Carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) against <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i> |
| title_sort | dietary effects of nutmeg i myristica fragrans i extract on growth hematological parameters immunity antioxidant status and disease resistance of common carp i cyprinus carpio i against i aeromonas hydrophila i |
| topic | <i>Myristica fragrans</i> medicinal herbs growth performance antibacterial activity immunity common carp |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/10/3/325 |
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