Chemical Profiling, Toxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils from Three Grapefruit Cultivars from KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa
The medicinal potential and volatile composition of different parts of three cultivars of grapefruit (<i>Citrus paradisi</i>) were evaluated for their toxicity and anti-inflammatory activities. Fresh leaf and fruit peel were separately isolated by hydrodistillation for 4 h. The essential...
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| author | Gugulethu Miya Mongikazi Nyalambisa Opeoluwa Oyedeji Mavuto Gondwe Adebola Oyedeji |
| author_facet | Gugulethu Miya Mongikazi Nyalambisa Opeoluwa Oyedeji Mavuto Gondwe Adebola Oyedeji |
| author_sort | Gugulethu Miya |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The medicinal potential and volatile composition of different parts of three cultivars of grapefruit (<i>Citrus paradisi</i>) were evaluated for their toxicity and anti-inflammatory activities. Fresh leaf and fruit peel were separately isolated by hydrodistillation for 4 h. The essential oils were subjected to GC/GC-MS analysis for chemical profile. Toxicity of the essential oils in mice were evaluated using Lorke’s method, while an anti-inflammatory assay was performed in a rat model using egg albumin-induced oedema. The oils obtained were light yellow in colour, and odour varied from strong citrus smell to mild. Percentage yield of fresh peel oil (0.34–0.57%) was greater than the fresh leaf oil yield (0.21–0.34%). D-limonene (86.70–89.90%) was the major compound identified in the leaf oil, while β-phellandrene (90.00–91.01%) dominated the peel oil. At a dosage level of 5000 mg/kg, none of the oils showed mortality in mice. An anti-inflammatory bioassay revealed that all the oils caused a significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05–0.01) reduction in oedema size when compared to the negative control group throughout the 5 h post induction assessment period. The study reveals that the oils are non-toxic and demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory activity. Our findings suggest that the leaf and peel oils obtained from waste parts of grapefruit plants can be useful as flavouring agents, as well as anti-inflammatory agents. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:44:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-205e9165ad494a41be345d7955671ec1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:44:36Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-205e9165ad494a41be345d7955671ec12023-11-21T22:40:48ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-06-012611338710.3390/molecules26113387Chemical Profiling, Toxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils from Three Grapefruit Cultivars from KwaZulu-Natal in South AfricaGugulethu Miya0Mongikazi Nyalambisa1Opeoluwa Oyedeji2Mavuto Gondwe3Adebola Oyedeji4Department of Chemical and Physical Science, Faculty of Natural Science, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5099, South AfricaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South AfricaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South AfricaDepartment of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Science, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5099, South AfricaDepartment of Chemical and Physical Science, Faculty of Natural Science, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5099, South AfricaThe medicinal potential and volatile composition of different parts of three cultivars of grapefruit (<i>Citrus paradisi</i>) were evaluated for their toxicity and anti-inflammatory activities. Fresh leaf and fruit peel were separately isolated by hydrodistillation for 4 h. The essential oils were subjected to GC/GC-MS analysis for chemical profile. Toxicity of the essential oils in mice were evaluated using Lorke’s method, while an anti-inflammatory assay was performed in a rat model using egg albumin-induced oedema. The oils obtained were light yellow in colour, and odour varied from strong citrus smell to mild. Percentage yield of fresh peel oil (0.34–0.57%) was greater than the fresh leaf oil yield (0.21–0.34%). D-limonene (86.70–89.90%) was the major compound identified in the leaf oil, while β-phellandrene (90.00–91.01%) dominated the peel oil. At a dosage level of 5000 mg/kg, none of the oils showed mortality in mice. An anti-inflammatory bioassay revealed that all the oils caused a significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05–0.01) reduction in oedema size when compared to the negative control group throughout the 5 h post induction assessment period. The study reveals that the oils are non-toxic and demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory activity. Our findings suggest that the leaf and peel oils obtained from waste parts of grapefruit plants can be useful as flavouring agents, as well as anti-inflammatory agents.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/11/3387<i>Citrus paradisi</i>grapefruitessential oiltoxicityanti-inflammatory |
| spellingShingle | Gugulethu Miya Mongikazi Nyalambisa Opeoluwa Oyedeji Mavuto Gondwe Adebola Oyedeji Chemical Profiling, Toxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils from Three Grapefruit Cultivars from KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa Molecules <i>Citrus paradisi</i> grapefruit essential oil toxicity anti-inflammatory |
| title | Chemical Profiling, Toxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils from Three Grapefruit Cultivars from KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa |
| title_full | Chemical Profiling, Toxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils from Three Grapefruit Cultivars from KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa |
| title_fullStr | Chemical Profiling, Toxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils from Three Grapefruit Cultivars from KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemical Profiling, Toxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils from Three Grapefruit Cultivars from KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa |
| title_short | Chemical Profiling, Toxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils from Three Grapefruit Cultivars from KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa |
| title_sort | chemical profiling toxicity and anti inflammatory activities of essential oils from three grapefruit cultivars from kwazulu natal in south africa |
| topic | <i>Citrus paradisi</i> grapefruit essential oil toxicity anti-inflammatory |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/11/3387 |
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