Development of Piezoresistive Sensors Based on Graphene Nanoplatelets Screen-Printed on Woven and Knitted Fabrics: Optimisation of Active Layer Formulation and Transversal/Longitudinal Textile Direction
Although the force/pressure applied onto a textile substrate through a uniaxial compression is constant and independent of the yarn direction, it should be noted that such mechanical action causes a geometric change in the substrate, which can be identified by the reduction in its lateral thickness....
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-07-01
|
| Series: | Materials |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/15/5185 |
| _version_ | 1797441599333990400 |
|---|---|
| author | Luisa M. Arruda Inês P. Moreira Usha Kiran Sanivada Helder Carvalho Raul Fangueiro |
| author_facet | Luisa M. Arruda Inês P. Moreira Usha Kiran Sanivada Helder Carvalho Raul Fangueiro |
| author_sort | Luisa M. Arruda |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Although the force/pressure applied onto a textile substrate through a uniaxial compression is constant and independent of the yarn direction, it should be noted that such mechanical action causes a geometric change in the substrate, which can be identified by the reduction in its lateral thickness. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the fabric orientation on both knitted and woven pressure sensors, in order to generate knowledge for a better design process during textile piezoresistive sensor development. For this purpose, these distinct textile structures were doped with different concentrations of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), using the screen-printing technique. The chemical and physical properties of these screen-printed fabrics were analysed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, Ground State Diffuse Reflectance and Raman Spectroscopy. Samples were subjected to tests determining linear electrical surface resistance and piezoresistive behaviour. In the results, a higher presence of conductive material was found in woven structures. For the doped samples, the electrical resistance varied between 10<sup>5</sup> Ω and 10<sup>1</sup> Ω, for the GNPs’ percentage increase. The lowest resistance value was observed for the woven fabric with 15% GNPs (3.67 ± 8.17 × 10<sup>1</sup> Ω). The samples showed different electrical behaviour according to the fabric orientation. Overall, greater sensitivity in the longitudinal direction and a lower coefficient of variation CV% of the measurement was identified in the transversal direction, coursewise for knitted and weftwise for woven fabrics. The woven fabric doped with 5% GNPs assembled in the weftwise direction was shown to be the most indicated for a piezoresistive sensor, due to its most uniform response and most accurate measure of mechanical stress. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:25:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-206236ed0e9447bdbebcee1028b9e296 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:25:29Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-206236ed0e9447bdbebcee1028b9e2962023-11-30T22:35:17ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442022-07-011515518510.3390/ma15155185Development of Piezoresistive Sensors Based on Graphene Nanoplatelets Screen-Printed on Woven and Knitted Fabrics: Optimisation of Active Layer Formulation and Transversal/Longitudinal Textile DirectionLuisa M. Arruda0Inês P. Moreira1Usha Kiran Sanivada2Helder Carvalho3Raul Fangueiro4Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, PortugalCentre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, PortugalCentre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, PortugalCentre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, PortugalCentre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, PortugalAlthough the force/pressure applied onto a textile substrate through a uniaxial compression is constant and independent of the yarn direction, it should be noted that such mechanical action causes a geometric change in the substrate, which can be identified by the reduction in its lateral thickness. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the fabric orientation on both knitted and woven pressure sensors, in order to generate knowledge for a better design process during textile piezoresistive sensor development. For this purpose, these distinct textile structures were doped with different concentrations of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), using the screen-printing technique. The chemical and physical properties of these screen-printed fabrics were analysed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, Ground State Diffuse Reflectance and Raman Spectroscopy. Samples were subjected to tests determining linear electrical surface resistance and piezoresistive behaviour. In the results, a higher presence of conductive material was found in woven structures. For the doped samples, the electrical resistance varied between 10<sup>5</sup> Ω and 10<sup>1</sup> Ω, for the GNPs’ percentage increase. The lowest resistance value was observed for the woven fabric with 15% GNPs (3.67 ± 8.17 × 10<sup>1</sup> Ω). The samples showed different electrical behaviour according to the fabric orientation. Overall, greater sensitivity in the longitudinal direction and a lower coefficient of variation CV% of the measurement was identified in the transversal direction, coursewise for knitted and weftwise for woven fabrics. The woven fabric doped with 5% GNPs assembled in the weftwise direction was shown to be the most indicated for a piezoresistive sensor, due to its most uniform response and most accurate measure of mechanical stress.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/15/5185smart textilespiezoresistive sensorsgraphene nanoplateletscarbon-based materialsscreen-printing |
| spellingShingle | Luisa M. Arruda Inês P. Moreira Usha Kiran Sanivada Helder Carvalho Raul Fangueiro Development of Piezoresistive Sensors Based on Graphene Nanoplatelets Screen-Printed on Woven and Knitted Fabrics: Optimisation of Active Layer Formulation and Transversal/Longitudinal Textile Direction Materials smart textiles piezoresistive sensors graphene nanoplatelets carbon-based materials screen-printing |
| title | Development of Piezoresistive Sensors Based on Graphene Nanoplatelets Screen-Printed on Woven and Knitted Fabrics: Optimisation of Active Layer Formulation and Transversal/Longitudinal Textile Direction |
| title_full | Development of Piezoresistive Sensors Based on Graphene Nanoplatelets Screen-Printed on Woven and Knitted Fabrics: Optimisation of Active Layer Formulation and Transversal/Longitudinal Textile Direction |
| title_fullStr | Development of Piezoresistive Sensors Based on Graphene Nanoplatelets Screen-Printed on Woven and Knitted Fabrics: Optimisation of Active Layer Formulation and Transversal/Longitudinal Textile Direction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development of Piezoresistive Sensors Based on Graphene Nanoplatelets Screen-Printed on Woven and Knitted Fabrics: Optimisation of Active Layer Formulation and Transversal/Longitudinal Textile Direction |
| title_short | Development of Piezoresistive Sensors Based on Graphene Nanoplatelets Screen-Printed on Woven and Knitted Fabrics: Optimisation of Active Layer Formulation and Transversal/Longitudinal Textile Direction |
| title_sort | development of piezoresistive sensors based on graphene nanoplatelets screen printed on woven and knitted fabrics optimisation of active layer formulation and transversal longitudinal textile direction |
| topic | smart textiles piezoresistive sensors graphene nanoplatelets carbon-based materials screen-printing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/15/5185 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT luisamarruda developmentofpiezoresistivesensorsbasedongraphenenanoplateletsscreenprintedonwovenandknittedfabricsoptimisationofactivelayerformulationandtransversallongitudinaltextiledirection AT inespmoreira developmentofpiezoresistivesensorsbasedongraphenenanoplateletsscreenprintedonwovenandknittedfabricsoptimisationofactivelayerformulationandtransversallongitudinaltextiledirection AT ushakiransanivada developmentofpiezoresistivesensorsbasedongraphenenanoplateletsscreenprintedonwovenandknittedfabricsoptimisationofactivelayerformulationandtransversallongitudinaltextiledirection AT heldercarvalho developmentofpiezoresistivesensorsbasedongraphenenanoplateletsscreenprintedonwovenandknittedfabricsoptimisationofactivelayerformulationandtransversallongitudinaltextiledirection AT raulfangueiro developmentofpiezoresistivesensorsbasedongraphenenanoplateletsscreenprintedonwovenandknittedfabricsoptimisationofactivelayerformulationandtransversallongitudinaltextiledirection |