Rod Driven Frequency Entrainment and Resonance Phenomena
A controversy exists on photic driving in the human visual cortex evoked by intermittent photic stimulation. Frequency entrainment and resonance phenomena are reported for frequencies higher than 12 Hz in some studies while missing in others. We hypothesized that this might be due to different exper...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2016-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |
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| Online Access: | http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00413/full |
| _version_ | 1818878312414445568 |
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| author | Christina Salchow Christina Salchow Daniel Strohmeier Sascha Klee Dunja Jannek Karin Schiecke Herbert Witte Arye Nehorai Jens Haueisen Jens Haueisen |
| author_facet | Christina Salchow Christina Salchow Daniel Strohmeier Sascha Klee Dunja Jannek Karin Schiecke Herbert Witte Arye Nehorai Jens Haueisen Jens Haueisen |
| author_sort | Christina Salchow |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A controversy exists on photic driving in the human visual cortex evoked by intermittent photic stimulation. Frequency entrainment and resonance phenomena are reported for frequencies higher than 12 Hz in some studies while missing in others. We hypothesized that this might be due to different experimental conditions, since both high and low intensity light stimulation were used. However, most studies do not report radiometric measurements, which makes it impossible to categorize the stimulation according to photopic, mesopic, and scotopic vision. Low intensity light stimulation might lead to scotopic vision, where rod perception dominates. In this study, we investigated photic driving for rod-dominated visual input under scotopic conditions. Twelve healthy volunteers were stimulated with low intensity light flashes at 20 stimulation frequencies, leading to rod activation only. The frequencies were multiples of the individual alpha frequency (α) of each volunteer in the range from 0.40–2.30*α. 306-channel whole head magnetoencephalography recordings were analyzed in time, frequency, and spatiotemporal domains with the Topographic Matching Pursuit algorithm. We found resonance phenomena and frequency entrainment for stimulations at or close to the individual alpha frequency (0.90–1.10*α) and half of the alpha frequency (0.40–0.55*α). No signs of resonance and frequency entrainment phenomena were revealed around 2.00*α. Instead, on-responses at the beginning and off-responses at the end of each stimulation train were observed for the first time in a photic driving experiment at frequencies of 1.30–2.30*α, indicating that the flicker fusion threshold was reached. All results, the resonance and entrainment as well as the fusion effects, provide evidence for rod-dominated photic driving in the visual cortex. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-19T14:12:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-206278d40a5c4cbfa12a7ae6c5282356 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1662-5161 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T14:12:11Z |
| publishDate | 2016-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj.art-206278d40a5c4cbfa12a7ae6c52823562022-12-21T20:18:05ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience1662-51612016-08-011010.3389/fnhum.2016.00413216495Rod Driven Frequency Entrainment and Resonance PhenomenaChristina Salchow0Christina Salchow1Daniel Strohmeier2Sascha Klee3Dunja Jannek4Karin Schiecke5Herbert Witte6Arye Nehorai7Jens Haueisen8Jens Haueisen9Ilmenau University of TechnologyTechnische Universität BerlinIlmenau University of TechnologyIlmenau University of TechnologyIlmenau University of TechnologyJena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-UniversityJena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-UniversityWashington University in St. LouisIlmenau University of TechnologyJena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-UniversityA controversy exists on photic driving in the human visual cortex evoked by intermittent photic stimulation. Frequency entrainment and resonance phenomena are reported for frequencies higher than 12 Hz in some studies while missing in others. We hypothesized that this might be due to different experimental conditions, since both high and low intensity light stimulation were used. However, most studies do not report radiometric measurements, which makes it impossible to categorize the stimulation according to photopic, mesopic, and scotopic vision. Low intensity light stimulation might lead to scotopic vision, where rod perception dominates. In this study, we investigated photic driving for rod-dominated visual input under scotopic conditions. Twelve healthy volunteers were stimulated with low intensity light flashes at 20 stimulation frequencies, leading to rod activation only. The frequencies were multiples of the individual alpha frequency (α) of each volunteer in the range from 0.40–2.30*α. 306-channel whole head magnetoencephalography recordings were analyzed in time, frequency, and spatiotemporal domains with the Topographic Matching Pursuit algorithm. We found resonance phenomena and frequency entrainment for stimulations at or close to the individual alpha frequency (0.90–1.10*α) and half of the alpha frequency (0.40–0.55*α). No signs of resonance and frequency entrainment phenomena were revealed around 2.00*α. Instead, on-responses at the beginning and off-responses at the end of each stimulation train were observed for the first time in a photic driving experiment at frequencies of 1.30–2.30*α, indicating that the flicker fusion threshold was reached. All results, the resonance and entrainment as well as the fusion effects, provide evidence for rod-dominated photic driving in the visual cortex.http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00413/fullAlpha RhythmMagnetoencephalographyVisual Systemfrequency entrainmentresonance phenomenaphotic driving |
| spellingShingle | Christina Salchow Christina Salchow Daniel Strohmeier Sascha Klee Dunja Jannek Karin Schiecke Herbert Witte Arye Nehorai Jens Haueisen Jens Haueisen Rod Driven Frequency Entrainment and Resonance Phenomena Frontiers in Human Neuroscience Alpha Rhythm Magnetoencephalography Visual System frequency entrainment resonance phenomena photic driving |
| title | Rod Driven Frequency Entrainment and Resonance Phenomena |
| title_full | Rod Driven Frequency Entrainment and Resonance Phenomena |
| title_fullStr | Rod Driven Frequency Entrainment and Resonance Phenomena |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rod Driven Frequency Entrainment and Resonance Phenomena |
| title_short | Rod Driven Frequency Entrainment and Resonance Phenomena |
| title_sort | rod driven frequency entrainment and resonance phenomena |
| topic | Alpha Rhythm Magnetoencephalography Visual System frequency entrainment resonance phenomena photic driving |
| url | http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00413/full |
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