Fungicide Treatments to Control Seed-borne Fungi of Sunflower Seeds
Seed-borne fungi in 69 sunflower cultivars were evaluated which comprised 52 confectionery and 17 oilseed types. Seed coats were placed on both NP-10 (Nonylphenol Ethoxylate based surfacant −10) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) media to culture fungi. The rate of contamination among the diff...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2019-12-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/1/29 |
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| author | Mandela Elorm Addrah Yuanyuan Zhang Jian Zhang Lin Liu Hongyou Zhou Weidong Chen Jun Zhao |
| author_facet | Mandela Elorm Addrah Yuanyuan Zhang Jian Zhang Lin Liu Hongyou Zhou Weidong Chen Jun Zhao |
| author_sort | Mandela Elorm Addrah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Seed-borne fungi in 69 sunflower cultivars were evaluated which comprised 52 confectionery and 17 oilseed types. Seed coats were placed on both NP-10 (Nonylphenol Ethoxylate based surfacant −10) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) media to culture fungi. The rate of contamination among the different varieties was calculated by counting seed coats with fungal colonies. The rate of contamination in the confectionary group (88%) was significantly (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) higher than in the oilseed group (71%). Of the 52 confectionery varieties, the dominant fungi recovered were <i>Verticillium dahliae</i> along with <i>Alternaria</i> spp., <i>Fusarium</i> spp., and <i>Rhizopus</i> spp., whereas the oilseed type varieties were contaminated with only <i>V. dahliae.</i> Molecular identification of fungal species via BLAST (Basic Alignment Search Tool) was performed on fungal sequences obtained from PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) analysis. The results included five <i>Alternaria</i> spp. that included <i>Alternaria tenuissima</i>, <i>Alternaria alternata</i>, <i>Alternaria helianthiinficiens</i>, <i>Alternaria longipes</i>, and <i>Alternaria tamaricis</i>, three <i>Fusarium</i> spp. such as <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>, <i>Fusarium incarnatum</i>, and <i>Fusarium proliferatum</i>, and <i>V. dahliae</i> and <i>Cladosporium cladosporioides</i>. These were identified from pure fungal cultures recovered from seed coats. To efficiently control seed-borne fungi, four broad spectrum fungicides (carbendazim, triadimefon, caprio F-500, and flusilazole) were screened against <i>V. dahliae</i> isolate Gn3, which was isolated from a diseased LD 5009 sunflower plant. Flusilazole was selected based on its low half-maximal effective concentration value (EC<sub>50</sub>), 78.7 µg/mL. Seeds of diseased LD 5009 plants obtained from two different locations treated with formulated flusilazole fungicide at optimum parameters showed a significant (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) increase in seed germination and a decrease in contamination rate from 98% to less than 10%. The results affirmed that confectionery cultivars are much more susceptible to fungal contamination than oilseeds, and also that seed pretreatment is a suitable way to prevent the spread of soil- and seed-borne fungi in sunflower production. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T22:06:52Z |
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| id | doaj.art-2069380040304ac2add770ffd1493623 |
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| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T22:06:52Z |
| publishDate | 2019-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-2069380040304ac2add770ffd14936232022-12-22T04:00:42ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172019-12-01912910.3390/pathogens9010029pathogens9010029Fungicide Treatments to Control Seed-borne Fungi of Sunflower SeedsMandela Elorm Addrah0Yuanyuan Zhang1Jian Zhang2Lin Liu3Hongyou Zhou4Weidong Chen5Jun Zhao6College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, ChinaInstitute of Grassland Research of CAAS, Huhhot 010010, ChinaCollege of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, ChinaCollege of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, ChinaCollege of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, ChinaDepartment of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USACollege of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, ChinaSeed-borne fungi in 69 sunflower cultivars were evaluated which comprised 52 confectionery and 17 oilseed types. Seed coats were placed on both NP-10 (Nonylphenol Ethoxylate based surfacant −10) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) media to culture fungi. The rate of contamination among the different varieties was calculated by counting seed coats with fungal colonies. The rate of contamination in the confectionary group (88%) was significantly (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) higher than in the oilseed group (71%). Of the 52 confectionery varieties, the dominant fungi recovered were <i>Verticillium dahliae</i> along with <i>Alternaria</i> spp., <i>Fusarium</i> spp., and <i>Rhizopus</i> spp., whereas the oilseed type varieties were contaminated with only <i>V. dahliae.</i> Molecular identification of fungal species via BLAST (Basic Alignment Search Tool) was performed on fungal sequences obtained from PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) analysis. The results included five <i>Alternaria</i> spp. that included <i>Alternaria tenuissima</i>, <i>Alternaria alternata</i>, <i>Alternaria helianthiinficiens</i>, <i>Alternaria longipes</i>, and <i>Alternaria tamaricis</i>, three <i>Fusarium</i> spp. such as <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>, <i>Fusarium incarnatum</i>, and <i>Fusarium proliferatum</i>, and <i>V. dahliae</i> and <i>Cladosporium cladosporioides</i>. These were identified from pure fungal cultures recovered from seed coats. To efficiently control seed-borne fungi, four broad spectrum fungicides (carbendazim, triadimefon, caprio F-500, and flusilazole) were screened against <i>V. dahliae</i> isolate Gn3, which was isolated from a diseased LD 5009 sunflower plant. Flusilazole was selected based on its low half-maximal effective concentration value (EC<sub>50</sub>), 78.7 µg/mL. Seeds of diseased LD 5009 plants obtained from two different locations treated with formulated flusilazole fungicide at optimum parameters showed a significant (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) increase in seed germination and a decrease in contamination rate from 98% to less than 10%. The results affirmed that confectionery cultivars are much more susceptible to fungal contamination than oilseeds, and also that seed pretreatment is a suitable way to prevent the spread of soil- and seed-borne fungi in sunflower production.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/1/29flusilazolesunflowerseed-borne fungiseed coat contaminationseed pretreatment |
| spellingShingle | Mandela Elorm Addrah Yuanyuan Zhang Jian Zhang Lin Liu Hongyou Zhou Weidong Chen Jun Zhao Fungicide Treatments to Control Seed-borne Fungi of Sunflower Seeds Pathogens flusilazole sunflower seed-borne fungi seed coat contamination seed pretreatment |
| title | Fungicide Treatments to Control Seed-borne Fungi of Sunflower Seeds |
| title_full | Fungicide Treatments to Control Seed-borne Fungi of Sunflower Seeds |
| title_fullStr | Fungicide Treatments to Control Seed-borne Fungi of Sunflower Seeds |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fungicide Treatments to Control Seed-borne Fungi of Sunflower Seeds |
| title_short | Fungicide Treatments to Control Seed-borne Fungi of Sunflower Seeds |
| title_sort | fungicide treatments to control seed borne fungi of sunflower seeds |
| topic | flusilazole sunflower seed-borne fungi seed coat contamination seed pretreatment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/1/29 |
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