Characterisation and Modelling of PLA Filaments and Evolution with Time
The properties of polylactic acid (PLA) filaments have not yet been analysed in detail, and they are strongly affected by the extrusion process used in some additive manufacturing systems. Here we present the mechanical, thermal, physical, and fractographical properties of an extruded filament (not...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/17/2899 |
| _version_ | 1797520941591298048 |
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| author | Jaime Orellana Barrasa Ana Ferrández-Montero Begoña Ferrari José Ygnacio Pastor |
| author_facet | Jaime Orellana Barrasa Ana Ferrández-Montero Begoña Ferrari José Ygnacio Pastor |
| author_sort | Jaime Orellana Barrasa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The properties of polylactic acid (PLA) filaments have not yet been analysed in detail, and they are strongly affected by the extrusion process used in some additive manufacturing systems. Here we present the mechanical, thermal, physical, and fractographical properties of an extruded filament (not the bulk material or scaffolds), the basic building block of any PLA structure printed via material extrusion. This research aims to create a reference point for the modelisation of additively manufactured structures via extrusion processes, as the main building block is characterised in detail for a deep understanding. Furthermore, we investigated the natural ageing (up to one year), the effect of the printing (extruding) temperature (180 and 190 °C), and the effect of the crosshead speed during the tensile tests (10<sup>−1</sup> to 10<sup>2</sup> mm/min) to provide a deeper analysis of the material. The results showed that the material extruded at 190 °C performed better than the material extruded at 180 °C. However, after one hundred days of natural ageing, both materials behaved similarly. This was related to the flow-induced molecular orientation during the extrusion. The crosshead rate produced a logarithmic increase of the mechanical properties, consistent with the Eyring model. Additionally, the ageing produced significant changes in both the elastic modulus and the yield strength: from 2.4 GPa and 40 MPa, in one-day-aged samples, up to 4 GPa and 62 MPa once entirely aged. Finally, it was observed that the glass transition and the enthalpic relaxation increased with ageing, agreeing with the Kohlraushch–William–Watts model. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:05:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2075d610230b4701ba53b780f4fe6717 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:05:36Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-2075d610230b4701ba53b780f4fe67172023-11-22T11:05:01ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602021-08-011317289910.3390/polym13172899Characterisation and Modelling of PLA Filaments and Evolution with TimeJaime Orellana Barrasa0Ana Ferrández-Montero1Begoña Ferrari2José Ygnacio Pastor3Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales-CIME, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, SpainInstituto de Cerámicay Vidrio (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, SpainInstituto de Cerámicay Vidrio (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, SpainDepartamento de Ciencia de Materiales-CIME, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, SpainThe properties of polylactic acid (PLA) filaments have not yet been analysed in detail, and they are strongly affected by the extrusion process used in some additive manufacturing systems. Here we present the mechanical, thermal, physical, and fractographical properties of an extruded filament (not the bulk material or scaffolds), the basic building block of any PLA structure printed via material extrusion. This research aims to create a reference point for the modelisation of additively manufactured structures via extrusion processes, as the main building block is characterised in detail for a deep understanding. Furthermore, we investigated the natural ageing (up to one year), the effect of the printing (extruding) temperature (180 and 190 °C), and the effect of the crosshead speed during the tensile tests (10<sup>−1</sup> to 10<sup>2</sup> mm/min) to provide a deeper analysis of the material. The results showed that the material extruded at 190 °C performed better than the material extruded at 180 °C. However, after one hundred days of natural ageing, both materials behaved similarly. This was related to the flow-induced molecular orientation during the extrusion. The crosshead rate produced a logarithmic increase of the mechanical properties, consistent with the Eyring model. Additionally, the ageing produced significant changes in both the elastic modulus and the yield strength: from 2.4 GPa and 40 MPa, in one-day-aged samples, up to 4 GPa and 62 MPa once entirely aged. Finally, it was observed that the glass transition and the enthalpic relaxation increased with ageing, agreeing with the Kohlraushch–William–Watts model.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/17/2899PLAFDMextrusionthermo-mechanical propertiesageingstrain rate |
| spellingShingle | Jaime Orellana Barrasa Ana Ferrández-Montero Begoña Ferrari José Ygnacio Pastor Characterisation and Modelling of PLA Filaments and Evolution with Time Polymers PLA FDM extrusion thermo-mechanical properties ageing strain rate |
| title | Characterisation and Modelling of PLA Filaments and Evolution with Time |
| title_full | Characterisation and Modelling of PLA Filaments and Evolution with Time |
| title_fullStr | Characterisation and Modelling of PLA Filaments and Evolution with Time |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characterisation and Modelling of PLA Filaments and Evolution with Time |
| title_short | Characterisation and Modelling of PLA Filaments and Evolution with Time |
| title_sort | characterisation and modelling of pla filaments and evolution with time |
| topic | PLA FDM extrusion thermo-mechanical properties ageing strain rate |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/17/2899 |
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