Multiple Mutations and Overexpression in the <i>CYP51A</i> and <i>B</i> Genes Lead to Decreased Sensitivity of <i>Venturia effusa</i> to Tebuconazole
Multiple demethylation-inhibiting (DMI) fungicides are used to control pecan scab, caused by <i>Venturia effusa</i>. To compare the efficacy of various DMI fungicides on <i>V. effusa</i>, field trials were conducted at multiple locations applying fungicides to individual peca...
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Current Issues in Molecular Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/44/2/47 |
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| author | Logan C. Moore Timothy B. Brenneman Sumyya Waliullah Clive H. Bock Md Emran Ali |
| author_facet | Logan C. Moore Timothy B. Brenneman Sumyya Waliullah Clive H. Bock Md Emran Ali |
| author_sort | Logan C. Moore |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Multiple demethylation-inhibiting (DMI) fungicides are used to control pecan scab, caused by <i>Venturia effusa</i>. To compare the efficacy of various DMI fungicides on <i>V. effusa</i>, field trials were conducted at multiple locations applying fungicides to individual pecan terminals. In vitro assays were conducted to test the sensitivity of <i>V. effusa</i> isolates from multiple locations to various concentrations of tebuconazole. Both studies confirmed high levels of resistance to tebuconazole. To investigate the mechanism of resistance, two copies of the <i>CYP51</i> gene, <i>CYP51A</i> and <i>CYP51B</i>, of resistant and sensitive isolates were sequenced and scanned for mutations. In the <i>CYP51A</i> gene, mutation at codon 444 (G444D), and in the <i>CYP51B</i> gene, mutations at codon 357 (G357H) and 177 (I77T/I77L) were found in resistant isolates. Expression analysis of <i>CYP51A</i> and <i>CYP51B</i> revealed enhanced expression in the resistant isolates compared to the sensitive isolates. There were 3.0- and 1.9-fold increases in gene expression in the resistant isolates compared to the sensitive isolates for the <i>CYP51A</i> and <i>CYP51B</i> genes, respectively. Therefore, two potential mechanisms—multiple point mutations and gene over expression in the <i>CYP51</i> gene of <i>V. effusa</i> isolates—were revealed as likely reasons for the observed resistance in isolates of <i>V. effusa</i> to tebuconazole. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-20a23d9f6a4544b8bff8c06be1cdffcf2023-11-23T19:21:02ZengMDPI AGCurrent Issues in Molecular Biology1467-30371467-30452022-01-0144267068510.3390/cimb44020047Multiple Mutations and Overexpression in the <i>CYP51A</i> and <i>B</i> Genes Lead to Decreased Sensitivity of <i>Venturia effusa</i> to TebuconazoleLogan C. Moore0Timothy B. Brenneman1Sumyya Waliullah2Clive H. Bock3Md Emran Ali4Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, The University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USADepartment of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, The University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USADepartment of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, The University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USAUnited States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Station, Byron, GA 31008, USADepartment of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, The University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USAMultiple demethylation-inhibiting (DMI) fungicides are used to control pecan scab, caused by <i>Venturia effusa</i>. To compare the efficacy of various DMI fungicides on <i>V. effusa</i>, field trials were conducted at multiple locations applying fungicides to individual pecan terminals. In vitro assays were conducted to test the sensitivity of <i>V. effusa</i> isolates from multiple locations to various concentrations of tebuconazole. Both studies confirmed high levels of resistance to tebuconazole. To investigate the mechanism of resistance, two copies of the <i>CYP51</i> gene, <i>CYP51A</i> and <i>CYP51B</i>, of resistant and sensitive isolates were sequenced and scanned for mutations. In the <i>CYP51A</i> gene, mutation at codon 444 (G444D), and in the <i>CYP51B</i> gene, mutations at codon 357 (G357H) and 177 (I77T/I77L) were found in resistant isolates. Expression analysis of <i>CYP51A</i> and <i>CYP51B</i> revealed enhanced expression in the resistant isolates compared to the sensitive isolates. There were 3.0- and 1.9-fold increases in gene expression in the resistant isolates compared to the sensitive isolates for the <i>CYP51A</i> and <i>CYP51B</i> genes, respectively. Therefore, two potential mechanisms—multiple point mutations and gene over expression in the <i>CYP51</i> gene of <i>V. effusa</i> isolates—were revealed as likely reasons for the observed resistance in isolates of <i>V. effusa</i> to tebuconazole.https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/44/2/47<i>V. effusa</i>mutationoverexpressionpecanDMIresistance |
| spellingShingle | Logan C. Moore Timothy B. Brenneman Sumyya Waliullah Clive H. Bock Md Emran Ali Multiple Mutations and Overexpression in the <i>CYP51A</i> and <i>B</i> Genes Lead to Decreased Sensitivity of <i>Venturia effusa</i> to Tebuconazole Current Issues in Molecular Biology <i>V. effusa</i> mutation overexpression pecan DMI resistance |
| title | Multiple Mutations and Overexpression in the <i>CYP51A</i> and <i>B</i> Genes Lead to Decreased Sensitivity of <i>Venturia effusa</i> to Tebuconazole |
| title_full | Multiple Mutations and Overexpression in the <i>CYP51A</i> and <i>B</i> Genes Lead to Decreased Sensitivity of <i>Venturia effusa</i> to Tebuconazole |
| title_fullStr | Multiple Mutations and Overexpression in the <i>CYP51A</i> and <i>B</i> Genes Lead to Decreased Sensitivity of <i>Venturia effusa</i> to Tebuconazole |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multiple Mutations and Overexpression in the <i>CYP51A</i> and <i>B</i> Genes Lead to Decreased Sensitivity of <i>Venturia effusa</i> to Tebuconazole |
| title_short | Multiple Mutations and Overexpression in the <i>CYP51A</i> and <i>B</i> Genes Lead to Decreased Sensitivity of <i>Venturia effusa</i> to Tebuconazole |
| title_sort | multiple mutations and overexpression in the i cyp51a i and i b i genes lead to decreased sensitivity of i venturia effusa i to tebuconazole |
| topic | <i>V. effusa</i> mutation overexpression pecan DMI resistance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/44/2/47 |
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