Monkeypox Virus Immune Evasion and Eye Manifestation: Beyond Eyelid Implications
Monkeypox virus (MPXV), belonging to the <i>Poxviridae</i> family and <i>Orthopoxvirus</i> genus, is closely related to the smallpox virus. Initial prodromal symptoms typically include headache, fever, and lymphadenopathy. This review aims to detail various ocular manifestati...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-11-01
|
| Series: | Viruses |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/12/2301 |
| _version_ | 1827573332074037248 |
|---|---|
| author | Francisco D. Lucena-Neto Luiz F. M. Falcão Adolfo S. Vieira-Junior Evelly C. S. Moraes Joacy P. F. David Camilla C. Silva Jorge R. Sousa Maria I. S. Duarte Pedro F. C. Vasconcelos Juarez A. S. Quaresma |
| author_facet | Francisco D. Lucena-Neto Luiz F. M. Falcão Adolfo S. Vieira-Junior Evelly C. S. Moraes Joacy P. F. David Camilla C. Silva Jorge R. Sousa Maria I. S. Duarte Pedro F. C. Vasconcelos Juarez A. S. Quaresma |
| author_sort | Francisco D. Lucena-Neto |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Monkeypox virus (MPXV), belonging to the <i>Poxviridae</i> family and <i>Orthopoxvirus</i> genus, is closely related to the smallpox virus. Initial prodromal symptoms typically include headache, fever, and lymphadenopathy. This review aims to detail various ocular manifestations and immune evasion associated with the monkeypox viral infection and its complications, making it appropriate as a narrative review. Common external ocular manifestations of MPXV typically involve a generalized pustular rash, keratitis, discharges, and dried secretions related to conjunctival pustules, photophobia, and lacrimation. Orthopoxviruses can evade host immune responses by secreting proteins that antagonize the functions of host IFNγ, CC and CXC chemokines, IL-1β, and the complement system. One of the most important transcription factors downstream of pattern recognition receptors binding is IRF3, which controls the expression of the crucial antiviral molecules IFNα and IFNβ. We strongly recommend that ophthalmologists include MPXV as part of their differential diagnosis when they encounter similar cases presenting with ophthalmic manifestations such as conjunctivitis, blepharitis, or corneal lesions. Furthermore, because non-vaccinated individuals are more likely to exhibit these symptoms, it is recommended that healthcare administrators prioritize smallpox vaccination for at-risk groups, including very young children, pregnant women, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals, especially those in close contact with MPXV cases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:17:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-20a7fb0d496c47a5823c5988bc450798 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:17:50Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-20a7fb0d496c47a5823c5988bc4507982023-12-22T14:49:00ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152023-11-011512230110.3390/v15122301Monkeypox Virus Immune Evasion and Eye Manifestation: Beyond Eyelid ImplicationsFrancisco D. Lucena-Neto0Luiz F. M. Falcão1Adolfo S. Vieira-Junior2Evelly C. S. Moraes3Joacy P. F. David4Camilla C. Silva5Jorge R. Sousa6Maria I. S. Duarte7Pedro F. C. Vasconcelos8Juarez A. S. Quaresma9Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, BrazilDepartment of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, BrazilDepartment of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, BrazilDepartment of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, BrazilDepartment of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, BrazilDepartment of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, BrazilDepartment of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, BrazilDepartment of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, BrazilDepartment of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, BrazilDepartment of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, BrazilMonkeypox virus (MPXV), belonging to the <i>Poxviridae</i> family and <i>Orthopoxvirus</i> genus, is closely related to the smallpox virus. Initial prodromal symptoms typically include headache, fever, and lymphadenopathy. This review aims to detail various ocular manifestations and immune evasion associated with the monkeypox viral infection and its complications, making it appropriate as a narrative review. Common external ocular manifestations of MPXV typically involve a generalized pustular rash, keratitis, discharges, and dried secretions related to conjunctival pustules, photophobia, and lacrimation. Orthopoxviruses can evade host immune responses by secreting proteins that antagonize the functions of host IFNγ, CC and CXC chemokines, IL-1β, and the complement system. One of the most important transcription factors downstream of pattern recognition receptors binding is IRF3, which controls the expression of the crucial antiviral molecules IFNα and IFNβ. We strongly recommend that ophthalmologists include MPXV as part of their differential diagnosis when they encounter similar cases presenting with ophthalmic manifestations such as conjunctivitis, blepharitis, or corneal lesions. Furthermore, because non-vaccinated individuals are more likely to exhibit these symptoms, it is recommended that healthcare administrators prioritize smallpox vaccination for at-risk groups, including very young children, pregnant women, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals, especially those in close contact with MPXV cases.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/12/2301monkeypox virusocular diseaseimmune pathogenesis |
| spellingShingle | Francisco D. Lucena-Neto Luiz F. M. Falcão Adolfo S. Vieira-Junior Evelly C. S. Moraes Joacy P. F. David Camilla C. Silva Jorge R. Sousa Maria I. S. Duarte Pedro F. C. Vasconcelos Juarez A. S. Quaresma Monkeypox Virus Immune Evasion and Eye Manifestation: Beyond Eyelid Implications Viruses monkeypox virus ocular disease immune pathogenesis |
| title | Monkeypox Virus Immune Evasion and Eye Manifestation: Beyond Eyelid Implications |
| title_full | Monkeypox Virus Immune Evasion and Eye Manifestation: Beyond Eyelid Implications |
| title_fullStr | Monkeypox Virus Immune Evasion and Eye Manifestation: Beyond Eyelid Implications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Monkeypox Virus Immune Evasion and Eye Manifestation: Beyond Eyelid Implications |
| title_short | Monkeypox Virus Immune Evasion and Eye Manifestation: Beyond Eyelid Implications |
| title_sort | monkeypox virus immune evasion and eye manifestation beyond eyelid implications |
| topic | monkeypox virus ocular disease immune pathogenesis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/12/2301 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT franciscodlucenaneto monkeypoxvirusimmuneevasionandeyemanifestationbeyondeyelidimplications AT luizfmfalcao monkeypoxvirusimmuneevasionandeyemanifestationbeyondeyelidimplications AT adolfosvieirajunior monkeypoxvirusimmuneevasionandeyemanifestationbeyondeyelidimplications AT evellycsmoraes monkeypoxvirusimmuneevasionandeyemanifestationbeyondeyelidimplications AT joacypfdavid monkeypoxvirusimmuneevasionandeyemanifestationbeyondeyelidimplications AT camillacsilva monkeypoxvirusimmuneevasionandeyemanifestationbeyondeyelidimplications AT jorgersousa monkeypoxvirusimmuneevasionandeyemanifestationbeyondeyelidimplications AT mariaisduarte monkeypoxvirusimmuneevasionandeyemanifestationbeyondeyelidimplications AT pedrofcvasconcelos monkeypoxvirusimmuneevasionandeyemanifestationbeyondeyelidimplications AT juarezasquaresma monkeypoxvirusimmuneevasionandeyemanifestationbeyondeyelidimplications |