Accurate Estimation of Bicarbonate and Acetic Acid Concentrations with Wider Ranges in Anaerobic Media Using Classical FOS/TAC Titration Method
The determination of a volatile fatty acid content (FOS) and total alkalinity (TAC) can be carried out using Nordmann’s FOS/TAC titration method developed in the 1970s. This two-point titration (pH = 5 and 4.4) can be simply implemented and is widely employed by both the academic and industrial worl...
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/24/11843 |
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| author | Xiaojun Liu Laura André Maël Mercier-Huat Jean-Marie Grosmaître André Pauss Thierry Ribeiro |
| author_facet | Xiaojun Liu Laura André Maël Mercier-Huat Jean-Marie Grosmaître André Pauss Thierry Ribeiro |
| author_sort | Xiaojun Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The determination of a volatile fatty acid content (FOS) and total alkalinity (TAC) can be carried out using Nordmann’s FOS/TAC titration method developed in the 1970s. This two-point titration (pH = 5 and 4.4) can be simply implemented and is widely employed by both the academic and industrial worlds. However, the present study proves that Nordmann’s method is only valid in limited ranges, since the titration of one FOS and TAC has an impact on the determination of the other, especially in extreme conditions. The present work develops a numerical tool with Scilab simulating the acid–base equilibria of titration. The program is efficient in predicting the experimental equivalent volumes obtained from Nordmann’s method with different combinations of sodium acetate and sodium bicarbonate contents. The mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) between the simulation and experiment are below 7%. Two new formulas are developed, considering both equivalent volumes at pH = 5 and 4.4 to calibrate FOS and TAC values. The proposed formulas show their good performance in predicting various combinations of FOS and TAC contents in an anaerobic digestate at TAC ranging from 0 to 20,000 mg CaCO<sub>3</sub>·L<sup>−1</sup> and FOS ranging from 0 to 31,000 mg HAc·L<sup>−1</sup>. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:37:23Z |
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| id | doaj.art-20a88c6120b14966aea7e341272d1109 |
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| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:37:23Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
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| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-20a88c6120b14966aea7e341272d11092023-11-23T03:39:15ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172021-12-0111241184310.3390/app112411843Accurate Estimation of Bicarbonate and Acetic Acid Concentrations with Wider Ranges in Anaerobic Media Using Classical FOS/TAC Titration MethodXiaojun Liu0Laura André1Maël Mercier-Huat2Jean-Marie Grosmaître3André Pauss4Thierry Ribeiro5ESCOM, TIMR (Integrated Transformations of Renewable Matter), Centre de Recherches Royallieu, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CS 60319, CEDEX, 60203 Compiègne, FranceInstitut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d’Artois, ULR 7519, Rue Pierre Waguet, BP 30313, CEDEX, 60026 Beauvais, FranceESCOM, TIMR (Integrated Transformations of Renewable Matter), Centre de Recherches Royallieu, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CS 60319, CEDEX, 60203 Compiègne, FranceCultimer France Producteurs Associés, ZA Les Rolandières, BP 52, 35120 Dol-de-Bretagne, FranceESCOM, TIMR (Integrated Transformations of Renewable Matter), Centre de Recherches Royallieu, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CS 60319, CEDEX, 60203 Compiègne, FranceInstitut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d’Artois, ULR 7519, Rue Pierre Waguet, BP 30313, CEDEX, 60026 Beauvais, FranceThe determination of a volatile fatty acid content (FOS) and total alkalinity (TAC) can be carried out using Nordmann’s FOS/TAC titration method developed in the 1970s. This two-point titration (pH = 5 and 4.4) can be simply implemented and is widely employed by both the academic and industrial worlds. However, the present study proves that Nordmann’s method is only valid in limited ranges, since the titration of one FOS and TAC has an impact on the determination of the other, especially in extreme conditions. The present work develops a numerical tool with Scilab simulating the acid–base equilibria of titration. The program is efficient in predicting the experimental equivalent volumes obtained from Nordmann’s method with different combinations of sodium acetate and sodium bicarbonate contents. The mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) between the simulation and experiment are below 7%. Two new formulas are developed, considering both equivalent volumes at pH = 5 and 4.4 to calibrate FOS and TAC values. The proposed formulas show their good performance in predicting various combinations of FOS and TAC contents in an anaerobic digestate at TAC ranging from 0 to 20,000 mg CaCO<sub>3</sub>·L<sup>−1</sup> and FOS ranging from 0 to 31,000 mg HAc·L<sup>−1</sup>.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/24/11843anaerobic digestionvolatile fatty acidsalkalinitynumerical simulation |
| spellingShingle | Xiaojun Liu Laura André Maël Mercier-Huat Jean-Marie Grosmaître André Pauss Thierry Ribeiro Accurate Estimation of Bicarbonate and Acetic Acid Concentrations with Wider Ranges in Anaerobic Media Using Classical FOS/TAC Titration Method Applied Sciences anaerobic digestion volatile fatty acids alkalinity numerical simulation |
| title | Accurate Estimation of Bicarbonate and Acetic Acid Concentrations with Wider Ranges in Anaerobic Media Using Classical FOS/TAC Titration Method |
| title_full | Accurate Estimation of Bicarbonate and Acetic Acid Concentrations with Wider Ranges in Anaerobic Media Using Classical FOS/TAC Titration Method |
| title_fullStr | Accurate Estimation of Bicarbonate and Acetic Acid Concentrations with Wider Ranges in Anaerobic Media Using Classical FOS/TAC Titration Method |
| title_full_unstemmed | Accurate Estimation of Bicarbonate and Acetic Acid Concentrations with Wider Ranges in Anaerobic Media Using Classical FOS/TAC Titration Method |
| title_short | Accurate Estimation of Bicarbonate and Acetic Acid Concentrations with Wider Ranges in Anaerobic Media Using Classical FOS/TAC Titration Method |
| title_sort | accurate estimation of bicarbonate and acetic acid concentrations with wider ranges in anaerobic media using classical fos tac titration method |
| topic | anaerobic digestion volatile fatty acids alkalinity numerical simulation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/24/11843 |
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