Human Cytochrome P450 1, 2, 3 Families as Pharmacogenes with Emphases on Their Antimalarial and Antituberculosis Drugs and Prevalent African Alleles
Precision medicine gives individuals tailored medical treatment, with the genotype determining the therapeutic strategy, the appropriate dosage, and the likelihood of benefit or toxicity. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme families 1, 2, and 3 play a pivotal role in eliminating most drugs. Factors that af...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/4/3383 |
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| author | Chiratidzo R. Chamboko Wayde Veldman Rolland Bantar Tata Birgit Schoeberl Özlem Tastan Bishop |
| author_facet | Chiratidzo R. Chamboko Wayde Veldman Rolland Bantar Tata Birgit Schoeberl Özlem Tastan Bishop |
| author_sort | Chiratidzo R. Chamboko |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Precision medicine gives individuals tailored medical treatment, with the genotype determining the therapeutic strategy, the appropriate dosage, and the likelihood of benefit or toxicity. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme families 1, 2, and 3 play a pivotal role in eliminating most drugs. Factors that affect CYP function and expression have a major impact on treatment outcomes. Therefore, polymorphisms of these enzymes result in alleles with diverse enzymatic activity and drug metabolism phenotypes. Africa has the highest CYP genetic diversity and also the highest burden of malaria and tuberculosis, and this review presents current general information on CYP enzymes together with variation data concerning antimalarial and antituberculosis drugs, while focusing on the first three CYP families. Afrocentric alleles such as CYP2A6*17, CYP2A6*23, CYP2A6*25, CYP2A6*28, CYP2B6*6, CYP2B6*18, CYP2C8*2, CYP2C9*5, CYP2C9*8, CYP2C9*9, CYP2C19*9, CYP2C19*13, CYP2C19*15, CYP2D6*2, CYP2D6*17, CYP2D6*29, and CYP3A4*15 are implicated in diverse metabolic phenotypes of different antimalarials such as artesunate, mefloquine, quinine, primaquine, and chloroquine. Moreover, CYP3A4, CYP1A1, CYP2C8, CYP2C18, CYP2C19, CYP2J2, and CYP1B1 are implicated in the metabolism of some second-line antituberculosis drugs such as bedaquiline and linezolid. Drug–drug interactions, induction/inhibition, and enzyme polymorphisms that influence the metabolism of antituberculosis, antimalarial, and other drugs, are explored. Moreover, a mapping of Afrocentric missense mutations to CYP structures and a documentation of their known effects provided structural insights, as understanding the mechanism of action of these enzymes and how the different alleles influence enzyme function is invaluable to the advancement of precision medicine. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:43:40Z |
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| id | doaj.art-20cf128e449b4c26b804ed4ed098f7ff |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:43:40Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-20cf128e449b4c26b804ed4ed098f7ff2023-11-16T20:59:12ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-02-01244338310.3390/ijms24043383Human Cytochrome P450 1, 2, 3 Families as Pharmacogenes with Emphases on Their Antimalarial and Antituberculosis Drugs and Prevalent African AllelesChiratidzo R. Chamboko0Wayde Veldman1Rolland Bantar Tata2Birgit Schoeberl3Özlem Tastan Bishop4Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South AfricaResearch Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South AfricaResearch Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South AfricaTranslational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 220 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USAResearch Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South AfricaPrecision medicine gives individuals tailored medical treatment, with the genotype determining the therapeutic strategy, the appropriate dosage, and the likelihood of benefit or toxicity. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme families 1, 2, and 3 play a pivotal role in eliminating most drugs. Factors that affect CYP function and expression have a major impact on treatment outcomes. Therefore, polymorphisms of these enzymes result in alleles with diverse enzymatic activity and drug metabolism phenotypes. Africa has the highest CYP genetic diversity and also the highest burden of malaria and tuberculosis, and this review presents current general information on CYP enzymes together with variation data concerning antimalarial and antituberculosis drugs, while focusing on the first three CYP families. Afrocentric alleles such as CYP2A6*17, CYP2A6*23, CYP2A6*25, CYP2A6*28, CYP2B6*6, CYP2B6*18, CYP2C8*2, CYP2C9*5, CYP2C9*8, CYP2C9*9, CYP2C19*9, CYP2C19*13, CYP2C19*15, CYP2D6*2, CYP2D6*17, CYP2D6*29, and CYP3A4*15 are implicated in diverse metabolic phenotypes of different antimalarials such as artesunate, mefloquine, quinine, primaquine, and chloroquine. Moreover, CYP3A4, CYP1A1, CYP2C8, CYP2C18, CYP2C19, CYP2J2, and CYP1B1 are implicated in the metabolism of some second-line antituberculosis drugs such as bedaquiline and linezolid. Drug–drug interactions, induction/inhibition, and enzyme polymorphisms that influence the metabolism of antituberculosis, antimalarial, and other drugs, are explored. Moreover, a mapping of Afrocentric missense mutations to CYP structures and a documentation of their known effects provided structural insights, as understanding the mechanism of action of these enzymes and how the different alleles influence enzyme function is invaluable to the advancement of precision medicine.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/4/3383CYP metabolismpolymorphismsSNPsmissense mutationspersonalized medicine |
| spellingShingle | Chiratidzo R. Chamboko Wayde Veldman Rolland Bantar Tata Birgit Schoeberl Özlem Tastan Bishop Human Cytochrome P450 1, 2, 3 Families as Pharmacogenes with Emphases on Their Antimalarial and Antituberculosis Drugs and Prevalent African Alleles International Journal of Molecular Sciences CYP metabolism polymorphisms SNPs missense mutations personalized medicine |
| title | Human Cytochrome P450 1, 2, 3 Families as Pharmacogenes with Emphases on Their Antimalarial and Antituberculosis Drugs and Prevalent African Alleles |
| title_full | Human Cytochrome P450 1, 2, 3 Families as Pharmacogenes with Emphases on Their Antimalarial and Antituberculosis Drugs and Prevalent African Alleles |
| title_fullStr | Human Cytochrome P450 1, 2, 3 Families as Pharmacogenes with Emphases on Their Antimalarial and Antituberculosis Drugs and Prevalent African Alleles |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human Cytochrome P450 1, 2, 3 Families as Pharmacogenes with Emphases on Their Antimalarial and Antituberculosis Drugs and Prevalent African Alleles |
| title_short | Human Cytochrome P450 1, 2, 3 Families as Pharmacogenes with Emphases on Their Antimalarial and Antituberculosis Drugs and Prevalent African Alleles |
| title_sort | human cytochrome p450 1 2 3 families as pharmacogenes with emphases on their antimalarial and antituberculosis drugs and prevalent african alleles |
| topic | CYP metabolism polymorphisms SNPs missense mutations personalized medicine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/4/3383 |
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