Seasonal Variation in Raw Milk VOC Profile within Intensive Feeding Systems
The study aimed to assess the seasonal variation in raw milk volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from three indoor feeding systems based on maize silage (<i>n</i> = 31), silages/hay (<i>n</i> = 19) or hay (<i>n</i> = 16). After headspace solid-phase microextraction...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/9/1871 |
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| author | Carmela Zacometti Alessandra Tata Andrea Massaro Giorgia Riuzzi Marco Bragolusi Giulio Cozzi Roberto Piro Sara Khazzar Gabriele Gerardi Flaviana Gottardo Severino Segato |
| author_facet | Carmela Zacometti Alessandra Tata Andrea Massaro Giorgia Riuzzi Marco Bragolusi Giulio Cozzi Roberto Piro Sara Khazzar Gabriele Gerardi Flaviana Gottardo Severino Segato |
| author_sort | Carmela Zacometti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The study aimed to assess the seasonal variation in raw milk volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from three indoor feeding systems based on maize silage (<i>n</i> = 31), silages/hay (<i>n</i> = 19) or hay (<i>n</i> = 16). After headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), VOC profiles were determined by gas chromatography (GC). Chemical and VOC (log<sub>10</sub> transformations of the peak areas) data were submitted to a two-way ANOVA to assess the feeding system (FS) and season (S) effects; an interactive principal component analysis (iPCA) was also performed. The interaction FS × S was never significant. The FS showed the highest (<i>p</i> < 0.05) protein and casein content for hay-milk samples, while it did not affect any VOCs. Winter milk had higher (<i>p</i> < 0.05) proportions of protein, casein, fat and some carboxylic acids, while summer milk was higher (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in urea and 2-pentanol and methyl aldehydes. The iPCA confirmed a seasonal spatial separation. Carboxylic acids might generate from incomplete esterification in the mammary gland and/or milk lipolytic activity, while aldehydes seemed to be correlated with endogenous lipid or amino acid oxidation and/or feed transfer. The outcomes suggested that VOCs could be an operative support to trace raw milk for further mild processing. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:18:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-20eb34e839e1487d8d17fa3c6b244b81 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:18:54Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-20eb34e839e1487d8d17fa3c6b244b812023-11-17T22:55:59ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582023-04-01129187110.3390/foods12091871Seasonal Variation in Raw Milk VOC Profile within Intensive Feeding SystemsCarmela Zacometti0Alessandra Tata1Andrea Massaro2Giorgia Riuzzi3Marco Bragolusi4Giulio Cozzi5Roberto Piro6Sara Khazzar7Gabriele Gerardi8Flaviana Gottardo9Severino Segato10Experimental Chemistry Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 36100 Vicenza, ItalyExperimental Chemistry Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 36100 Vicenza, ItalyExperimental Chemistry Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 36100 Vicenza, ItalyDepartment of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, ItalyExperimental Chemistry Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 36100 Vicenza, ItalyDepartment of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, ItalyExperimental Chemistry Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 36100 Vicenza, ItalyDepartment of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, ItalyDepartment of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, ItalyDepartment of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, ItalyDepartment of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, ItalyThe study aimed to assess the seasonal variation in raw milk volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from three indoor feeding systems based on maize silage (<i>n</i> = 31), silages/hay (<i>n</i> = 19) or hay (<i>n</i> = 16). After headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), VOC profiles were determined by gas chromatography (GC). Chemical and VOC (log<sub>10</sub> transformations of the peak areas) data were submitted to a two-way ANOVA to assess the feeding system (FS) and season (S) effects; an interactive principal component analysis (iPCA) was also performed. The interaction FS × S was never significant. The FS showed the highest (<i>p</i> < 0.05) protein and casein content for hay-milk samples, while it did not affect any VOCs. Winter milk had higher (<i>p</i> < 0.05) proportions of protein, casein, fat and some carboxylic acids, while summer milk was higher (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in urea and 2-pentanol and methyl aldehydes. The iPCA confirmed a seasonal spatial separation. Carboxylic acids might generate from incomplete esterification in the mammary gland and/or milk lipolytic activity, while aldehydes seemed to be correlated with endogenous lipid or amino acid oxidation and/or feed transfer. The outcomes suggested that VOCs could be an operative support to trace raw milk for further mild processing.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/9/1871volatile organic compoundsraw milkmilking seasoninteractive principal component analysis |
| spellingShingle | Carmela Zacometti Alessandra Tata Andrea Massaro Giorgia Riuzzi Marco Bragolusi Giulio Cozzi Roberto Piro Sara Khazzar Gabriele Gerardi Flaviana Gottardo Severino Segato Seasonal Variation in Raw Milk VOC Profile within Intensive Feeding Systems Foods volatile organic compounds raw milk milking season interactive principal component analysis |
| title | Seasonal Variation in Raw Milk VOC Profile within Intensive Feeding Systems |
| title_full | Seasonal Variation in Raw Milk VOC Profile within Intensive Feeding Systems |
| title_fullStr | Seasonal Variation in Raw Milk VOC Profile within Intensive Feeding Systems |
| title_full_unstemmed | Seasonal Variation in Raw Milk VOC Profile within Intensive Feeding Systems |
| title_short | Seasonal Variation in Raw Milk VOC Profile within Intensive Feeding Systems |
| title_sort | seasonal variation in raw milk voc profile within intensive feeding systems |
| topic | volatile organic compounds raw milk milking season interactive principal component analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/9/1871 |
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