Exploring the Application of Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning for Identifying Movement Phenotypes During Deep Squat and Hurdle Step Movements

BackgroundMovement screens are increasingly used in sport and rehabilitation to evaluate movement competency. However, common screens are often evaluated using subjective visual detection of a priori prescribed discrete movement features (e.g., spine angle at maximum squat depth) and may not account...

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Main Authors: Sarah M. Remedios, Daniel P. Armstrong, Ryan B. Graham, Steven L. Fischer
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2020-04-01
Series:Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00364/full
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author Sarah M. Remedios
Daniel P. Armstrong
Ryan B. Graham
Steven L. Fischer
author_facet Sarah M. Remedios
Daniel P. Armstrong
Ryan B. Graham
Steven L. Fischer
author_sort Sarah M. Remedios
collection DOAJ
description BackgroundMovement screens are increasingly used in sport and rehabilitation to evaluate movement competency. However, common screens are often evaluated using subjective visual detection of a priori prescribed discrete movement features (e.g., spine angle at maximum squat depth) and may not account for whole-body movement coordination, or associations between different discrete features.ObjectiveTo apply pattern recognition and machine learning techniques to identify whole-body movement pattern phenotypes during the performance of exemplar functional movement screening tasks; the deep squat and hurdle step. Additionally, we also aimed to compare how discrete kinematic measures, commonly used to score movement competency, differed between emergent groups identified via pattern recognition and machine learning.MethodsPrincipal component analysis (PCA) was applied to 3-dimensional (3D) trajectory data from participant’s deep squat (DS) and hurdle step performance, identifying emerging features that describe orthogonal modes of inter-trial variance in the data. A gaussian mixture model (GMM) was fit and used to cluster the principal component scores as an unsupervised machine learning approach to identify emergent movement phenotypes. Between group features were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA to determine if the objective classifications were significantly different from one another.ResultsThree clusters (i.e., phenotypes) emerged for the DS and right hurdle step (RHS) and 4 phenotypes emerged for the left hurdle step (LHS). Selected discrete points commonly used to score DS and hurdle step movements were different between emergent groups. In regard to the select discrete kinematic measures, 4 out of 5, 7 out of 7 and 4 out of 7, demonstrated a main effect (p < 0.05) between phenotypes for the DS, RHS, and LHS respectively.ConclusionFindings support that whole-body movement analysis, pattern recognition and machine learning techniques can objectively identify movement behavior phenotypes without the need to a priori prescribe movement features. However, we also highlight important considerations that can influence outcomes when using machine learning for this purpose.
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spelling doaj.art-2118b152a42d4f349944b2a3942459ca2022-12-21T22:40:40ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology2296-41852020-04-01810.3389/fbioe.2020.00364520082Exploring the Application of Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning for Identifying Movement Phenotypes During Deep Squat and Hurdle Step MovementsSarah M. Remedios0Daniel P. Armstrong1Ryan B. Graham2Steven L. Fischer3Occupational Biomechanics and Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, CanadaOccupational Biomechanics and Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, CanadaSpine Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, CanadaOccupational Biomechanics and Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, CanadaBackgroundMovement screens are increasingly used in sport and rehabilitation to evaluate movement competency. However, common screens are often evaluated using subjective visual detection of a priori prescribed discrete movement features (e.g., spine angle at maximum squat depth) and may not account for whole-body movement coordination, or associations between different discrete features.ObjectiveTo apply pattern recognition and machine learning techniques to identify whole-body movement pattern phenotypes during the performance of exemplar functional movement screening tasks; the deep squat and hurdle step. Additionally, we also aimed to compare how discrete kinematic measures, commonly used to score movement competency, differed between emergent groups identified via pattern recognition and machine learning.MethodsPrincipal component analysis (PCA) was applied to 3-dimensional (3D) trajectory data from participant’s deep squat (DS) and hurdle step performance, identifying emerging features that describe orthogonal modes of inter-trial variance in the data. A gaussian mixture model (GMM) was fit and used to cluster the principal component scores as an unsupervised machine learning approach to identify emergent movement phenotypes. Between group features were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA to determine if the objective classifications were significantly different from one another.ResultsThree clusters (i.e., phenotypes) emerged for the DS and right hurdle step (RHS) and 4 phenotypes emerged for the left hurdle step (LHS). Selected discrete points commonly used to score DS and hurdle step movements were different between emergent groups. In regard to the select discrete kinematic measures, 4 out of 5, 7 out of 7 and 4 out of 7, demonstrated a main effect (p < 0.05) between phenotypes for the DS, RHS, and LHS respectively.ConclusionFindings support that whole-body movement analysis, pattern recognition and machine learning techniques can objectively identify movement behavior phenotypes without the need to a priori prescribe movement features. However, we also highlight important considerations that can influence outcomes when using machine learning for this purpose.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00364/fullprincipal component analysisclustergaussian mixture modelmovement phenotypesfunctional movement screen
spellingShingle Sarah M. Remedios
Daniel P. Armstrong
Ryan B. Graham
Steven L. Fischer
Exploring the Application of Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning for Identifying Movement Phenotypes During Deep Squat and Hurdle Step Movements
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
principal component analysis
cluster
gaussian mixture model
movement phenotypes
functional movement screen
title Exploring the Application of Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning for Identifying Movement Phenotypes During Deep Squat and Hurdle Step Movements
title_full Exploring the Application of Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning for Identifying Movement Phenotypes During Deep Squat and Hurdle Step Movements
title_fullStr Exploring the Application of Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning for Identifying Movement Phenotypes During Deep Squat and Hurdle Step Movements
title_full_unstemmed Exploring the Application of Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning for Identifying Movement Phenotypes During Deep Squat and Hurdle Step Movements
title_short Exploring the Application of Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning for Identifying Movement Phenotypes During Deep Squat and Hurdle Step Movements
title_sort exploring the application of pattern recognition and machine learning for identifying movement phenotypes during deep squat and hurdle step movements
topic principal component analysis
cluster
gaussian mixture model
movement phenotypes
functional movement screen
url https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00364/full
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